Disease

Disease is a departure from a state of health. The distinction between disease and health may be hard to draw, except at the extremes of disease. There are degrees of health and degrees of disease; there is no such condition as perfect health. Specific diseases are usually recognized by the sequence of signs and symptoms they present.

One of the greatest scientific advances in the history of mankind was the demonstration in the 19^th century by Pasteur, Koch, and others that germs, or microbes, cause disease. However, the germ theory no longer suffices to explain the principle deadly diseases that afflict the civilized world – heart disease, cancer, stroke, premature birth. We know that the causes of disease are multiple. We must give consideration to the host of the disease, the agent of the disease, and the environment of both.

The agents of disease may be deprivations (like lack of vitamins) or stresses (like warfare) that upset the normal balance and function of the body, as well as invading germs and poisons. Indeed, in the cycle of disease, all these factors are likely to be present.

There are innumerable classifications of disease. A very simple one is the following:

1. Germ diseases, almost unlimited in number, amounting to the uncontrolled invasion of the body by a disease-producing germ. These are all communicable diseases, transferred directly or indirectly from one host or victim to another. Indirectly is important; some of them, like malaria, are transmitted from man to man by insects. Contagious, or catching, diseases are those transmitted by direct contact with the sick person or some immediate discharge from him; tuberculosis, for example, is contagious.

2. Degenerative diseases in which some part of the body wears out, fails to function, or functioning properly. In cancer, for example, the mechanisms regulating cell growth no longer function properly. Cardiovascularenal diseases represent deterioration, with failure of function, of the heart, blood vessels, and kidneys. In diabetes, the pancreas fails to work properly.

3. Psychosomatic diseases, in which the effect of the mind and emotions on bodily function is a critical and controlling factor in the onset or perpetuation of the disease. Mental illness is the chief entry in this category; but it also includes such conditions as peptic ulcer, hysterical paralysis, and colitis.

Control of disease is affected by removing the agents of disease from the environment (for example, mosquito control), by treating patients who have the disease (for example, contacts tracing and treatment of individuals spreading venereal disease), by acquiring specific artificial immunity to a disease (for example, vaccination against smallpox or paralytic polio), and by building up general resistance to disease processes through good food, adequate rest and exercise, and tranquility of spirit.

Занятие 2.

Тема: Work of an In-patient Department. Case History. Examination of the patient.

Грамматика: Герундий, его форма и функции. Отглагольное существительное.

Время изучения темы: 3 часа

Цель: Научиться переводить тексты по специальности; вести беседу на базе изученных текстов; осуществлять профессионально-ориентированное общение, пользуясь изученным лексико-грамматическим материалом

Задачи:

1) выучить и тренировать активную лексику

2) тренировать грамматические модели

3) тренировка навыков аналитического и информативного чтения, перевода, устного высказывания

4) научиться применять полученные знания на практике

I. Информативное чтение.

1) Read the text and entitle it.

2) Answer the following question: What findings compose the family history, the past history and the history of the present illness?

Text

As soon as the patient is admitted to the in-patient department the ward doctor fills in the patient’s case history. It must include the information about the patient’s parents – if they are living or not. If the died, the doctor must know at what age and of what causes they died. The doctor must know if any of the family has ever been ill with tuberculosis or has had any mental or emotional impairment. This information composes the family history.

The patient’s medical history must include the information about the diseases which the patient had both being a child and adult, about the operations which were performed, about any traumas he had. The patient’s blood group and his sensitivity to antibiotics must be determined and the obtained information written down in the case history. These findings compose the past history.

The attending doctor must know what the patient’s complaints and symptoms are. He must know how long and how often the patient has had these complaints.

The information on the physical examination of the patient on his admission to the hospital, the results of all the laboratory tests and X-ray examinations, the description of the course of the disease with any changes in the symptoms and the condition of the patient, the administered medicines in their exact doses and the produced effect of the treatment – all these findings which compose the history of the present illness must always be written down in the case history.

The case history must always be written very accurately and consist of exact and complete information.

II. Самостоятельная работа студента на занятии.

1. Прочтите предложения по колонкам. Ответьте на вопросы:

а) … а) Reading is useful.

б) … б) I like his rapidly reading.

в) … в) His favourite occupation is reading.

г) The reading man is my friend. г) I like your idea of reading this book.

2. The man reading a book is

my friend.

д) Reading a book I did not hear д) After reading I began to write a letter.

when she came in.

е) He stood nearby reading a book. е) We cannot gain knowledge without reading.

1*. Знакома ли вам форма на “-ing” в предложениях “г, д, е” левой колонки, как она называется и как переводится на русский язык?

2*. Какими членами предложения являются эти ing-forms в предложениях “г, д, е” левой колонки?

3*. Знакомы ли вам ing-forms во всех предложениях правой колонки, какими частями речи их можно перевести?

4. Есть ли подобная неличная форма в русском языке?

5. Определите синтаксические функции герундия во всех предложениях правой колонки.

6. Сравните правую и левую колонки. Какими синтаксическими функциями отличается герундий от причастия?

7. Какие общие синтаксические функции выполняют герундий и причастие?

8. Какой формальный признак отличает герундий от причастия в этих общих синтаксических функциях?

9. Как переводится герундий на русский язык?

10. Чем определяется герундий?

2. Переведите следующие предложения:

1) The scientist continued investigating the properties of blood gases.

2) Your rapid recovery depends on properly following the administered treatment.

3) He works on determining the increase of white blood cells in this disease.

4) In making observations particular care to obtain exact findings is necessary.

3*. Определите, в каких из следующих предложений употребляется герундий. Переведите эти предложения:

1) His bad condition prevented him from attending the lecture in Microbiology.

2) The microorganisms invading the human body are able to develop an infection.

3) The process of growth is due to the increasing number of cells.

4) The patient had to give up going in for sports because of the disease of the joints.

5) It is no use extending our investigations as the nature of this phenomenon has become clear.

4. Прочтите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на выделенные слова:

1) Reading books is useful. The reading of books is useful.

2) His reading rapidly is not always A good reading is always understandable.

understandable.

3) ------------- Human beings cannot live without oxygen.

1)* Чем являются ing-forms в предложениях левой колонки?

2)* Какой вы можете сделать вывод из сравнения ing-forms: а) в первых предложениях левой и правой колонки? б) во вторых предложениях левой и правой колонки?

3)* В каком числе стоит ing-form в третьем предложении правой колонки?

4) К какой неличной форме вы могли бы отнести ing-forms в предложениях правой колонки?

5*. Определите и объясните, в каких предложениях “ing-form” является отглагольным существительным:

1) The surgeon started performing the operation on the colon.

2) The physician started the examining of the patient with bronchitis.

3) Leaving the hospital without the doctor’s order is impossible.

4) His rapid leaving of the city was due to his mother’s disease.

6. Прочтите следующие предложения. Ответьте на вопросы:

1) Treating patients with lobar pneumonia is necessary at the in-patient department.

2) He wants being treated at the in-patient department.

3) The physician remembers having treated this patient.

4) I remember having been treated for pneumonia at this hospital.

1)* Определите синтаксические функции ing-forms и назовите эти формы.

2)* От каких инфинитивов образован герундий в каждом предложении?

3)* Назовите форму герундия в каждом предложении, помня о том, от какого инфинитива он образован.

4)* Переведите эти предложения.

5) Какое действие показывает герундий формы Indefinite в 1-м и 2-м предложениях по отношению к действию, выраженному сказуемым?

6) Какое действие показывает герундий формы Perfect в 3-м и 4-м предложениях по отношению к действию, выраженному сказуемым?

7) Как переводится герундий во 2-ом – 4-м предложениях?

7. Выполните следующие задания и ответьте на вопросы:

1)* Вспомните, как образуется причастие настоящего времени, и определите, от каких инфинитивов образованы следующие причастия: asking, being asked.

2) В какой временной группе употреблены эти причастия? Дайте их перевод.

3)* Определите, от каких инфинитивов образованы следующие причастия: having asked, having been asked.

4) В какой временной группе употреблены эти причастия? Дайте их перевод.

5) Определите залог следующих пар причастий на основании известных вам инфинитивов: asking, having asked, having been asked.

8. a) От данных инфинитивов напишите соответствующий герундий и причастие:

to take, to have extended, to be sent, to have been founded, to prevent, to buy, to restore

b) От данных глаголов напишите инфинитивы (Indefinite Active и Passive, Perfect и Active Passive), а затем – причастия и герундий от полученных инфинитивов:

investigate, bring, divide, include, increase, indicate

9.* Определите формы герундия и переведите предложения:

1) After having been told the results of the X-ray examination the physician wrote them down in the patient’s case history.

2) I don’t like being read to, I like reading myself.

3) The patient was thankful to the doctor for his having been so attentive to him.

4) No physician can make a proper diagnosis without having examined the patient.

10.* Переведите предложения, определив формы причастий:

1) Having investigated the patient’s past history the physician drew the conclusion that the patient was sensitive to antibiotics.

2) Having been treated for a prolonged period of time the patient began to feel better.

3) Being asked some questions about the attack of the cardiac pain the patient stated that it was particularly acute on physical exertion.

III. Тренировка и закрепление лексического и грамматического материала. Лабораторная работа № 1.*

1. Переведите предложения. Назовите ing-forms.

1) Do you think of operating on this patient on Tuesday?

2) The researcher carrying on experiments in our laboratory at present may get very important findings.

3) On having been applied cups the patient felt considerable relief.

4) We are interested in determining the heart sounds ourselves.

5) Having made his rounds of the wards the surgeon on duty went to the reception ward to examine a newly admitted patient.

2. Прочтите предложения и ответьте на вопросы.

1) Having developed an acute pain in the heart the patient had to follow a bed regimen.

Why did the patient have to follow a bed regimen?

2) Having been relieved of all the painful symptoms the patient was discharged from the hospital.

Why was the patient discharged from the hospital?

3) Being operated on the patient was transfused 500 ml of blood.

When was the patient transfused 500 ml of blood?

3. Ответьте на вопросы по образцу, заменяя инфинитивы в скобках.

Model: What is the reception ward used for? (to receive patients)

A reception ward is used for receiving patients.

1) What is a drug cabinet used for? (to keep drugs and remedies)

2) What is a label used for? (to indicate the dose of the medicine)

3) What is a temperature chart used for? (to write down the patient’s temperature)

4) What is a patient’s card used for? (to fill it in with all the findings about the patient’s disease)

5) What is a cough mixture used for? (to relieve a bad cough)

6) What are antibiotic injections used for? (to prevent inflammation)

4. Прослушайте и запомните названия болезней, связанных с воспалительными процессами.

1) Appendicitis is the inflammation of the appendix.

2) Bronchitis is the inflammation of the bronchi.

3) Cholecystitis is the inflammation of the gallbladder.

4) Gastritis is the inflammation of the mucous membrane of the stomach.

5) Myocarditis is the inflammation of the heart muscle.

6) Pancreatitis is the inflammation of the pancreas.

7) Pleurisy is the inflammation of the pleura.

8) Pneumonia is the inflammation of the lung.

9) Tracheitis is the inflammation of the trachea.

5. Ответьте на вопросы.

1) What is bronchitis? 2) What is Tracheitis? 3) What is cholecystitis? 4) What is gastritis? 5) What is Myocarditis? 6) What is tonsillitis?

6. Ответьте на вопросы, используя в ответах слова, данные в скобках.

1) How old are you? (20)

2) Are your parents living or not? (living)

3) Has anybody in your family ever been ill with tuberculosis? (nobody)

4) Has anybody in your family ever had any mental or emotional impairment? (nobody)

5) What diseases did you have in your childhood? (whooping cough )

6) What disease are you often ill with being an adult? (the grippe)

7) Have you ever been operated on? (never)

8) What is your blood group? (one)

9) Are you sensitive to antibiotics or not? (not sensitive)

10) What do you complain of? (a bad cough)

11) Is it productive or dry now? (productive)

12) When was it dry? (two days ago)

13) Where do you feel pain? (in the substernal area and in the throat)

14) When do you have a bad headache? (during long attacks of cough)

15) Is your temperature high? (only 37°C)

What diagnosis can you make on the basis of your answers?

IV. 1. Прочтите текст “Headache”. 2. Найдите предложения, в которых употребляется герундий, переведите эти предложения. 3. Переведите текст. 4. Подготовьте ответы на вопросы по тексту:

1) What should you do to get rid of a headache without using any remedies?

2) What remedies help you to relieve a headache?