VIII. * Прочтите и переведите сочетания слов:

1. a reliable insulator; 2. to create a reliable insulator; 3. artificial radioactivity; 4. artificial admixtures; 5. a fruit­ful discussion; 6. a fruitful cooperation. 7. to establish reliable contact; 8. to set the indicator to zero; 9. to set the required frequency; 10. to tune a radio-set to a low frequency; 11. to tune a receiver to the required frequency; 12. to contain a score of parts; 13. thin films; 14. the system control; 15. the compu­ters control; 16. within this region; 17. within this voltage; 18. to achieve good results; 19. to achieve high reliability; 20. to find the difference in pressure; 21. to find unique proper­ties

IX. Прочтите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на способы перевода независимого причастного оборота:

1. The fundamentals of electricity are the fundamentals of electronics, both being branches of physics.

2. The condenser being placed in a direct current circuit, the current will stop flowing.

3. The velocity, length and frequency of the wave are inde­pendent of each other, the frequency being equal to the velocity divided by the wave-length.

4. The size of the electrodes being increased, the current capacity also increases, the voltage output remaining the same.

X. Переведите, не пользуясь словарем:

Capacitors¹

A capacitor is one of the main elements of a circuit. It is used to store² electric energy. A capacitor stores electric energy provided that a voltage source is applied to it. The main parts of a capacitor are metal plates and insulators. The function of insulators is to isolate the metal plates and in this way to pre­vent³ a short⁴. There are two common types of capacitors nowa­days: a fixed capacitor and a variable capacitor. The plates of a fixed capacitor cannot be moved; for the reason⁵ its capacity does not change. The plates of a variable capacitor moving, its capacity changes. The greater the distance between the plates, the less is the capacity of a capacitor. Variable capaci­tors are commonly used by radiomen; their function is to change the frequency in the circuit. Fixed capacitors are applied in tele­phone and radio work. Fixed capacitors have insulators produ­ced of paper, ceramics and other materials; variable capacitors have air insulators. Paper capacitors are commonly used in ra­dio and electronics; their advantage⁶ is their high capacity; it may be higher than 1,000 picofarad.

Пояснения к тексту

1. Capacitors — Конденсаторы

2. to store — хранить, накапливать

3. to prevent — предотвратить

4. a short — короткое замыкание

5. for the reason — по этой причине

6. advantage — преимущество

XI. Переведите, пользуясь словарем:

The Incandescent Lamp

The first incandescent lamp for practical use was made in 1872 by a Russian inventor Alexander Lodygin. In his lamp he fixed a small carbon rod of about 2 mm in diameter between two copper conductors. To protect the rod from burning was of prime importance. For this purpose the lamp's air envelope was evacuated. Vacuum at the time, however, was not perfect and as a result Lodygin's first lamps were short-lived, their life being measured in hours.

Lodygin made his first lamps with a metal filament using for the purpose metals with high melting point, such as tung­sten, molybdenum, osmium. A few years later Thomas Edison, the American inventor, improved lamps with a metal filament. In particular he suggested providing lamps with a screw-type base and invented the lamp holder, the switch and other ele­ments of the lighting network.

Today the filament of an incandescent lamp is twisted into a spiral. The melting point of tungsten being 3,300°, it can be heated to 3,000⁰. At this temperature, however, tungsten begins to evaporate energetically, the filament becomes thinner until it finally burns through. To avoid rapid evaporation of tung­sten, lamps today are filled with chemically inert gas, i. e., argon or krypton.

To connect the lamp to a circuit, it is screwed into a holder. Its spring contact comes into contact with the lamp base and its screw thread holds the lamp in the proper position.

Industry manufactures incandescent lamps for 220 and 127 V (for lighting networks), 50 V (for railway wagons), 12 and 6 V (for motor-cars), 3.5 and 2.5 V (for pocket torches).