- •1. Language Material
- •2. Reading Practice
- •3. Oral Practice
- •1. Answer questions.
- •3 Match the following:
- •4. Write the short essay on why you are agree or disagree with the statement that a strong small business community is the best interest of all citizens.
- •4. Grammar Review the indefinite form
- •II. The use of the Present Indefinite.
- •IV. The use of the Past Indefinite.
- •VI. The use of the Future Indefinite.
- •VII. The formation of the Future Indefinite in the Past.
- •VIII. The use of the Future Indefinite in the Past.
- •The formation of the Present Continuous.
- •II. The use of the Present Continuous.
- •Interrogative
- •IV. The use of the Past Continuous.
- •V. The formation of the Future Continuous.
- •5. Grammar Practice
- •Indefinite and Continuous Tenses
- •1. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова b Present indefinite або Future Indefinite.
- •2. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова b Present indefinite або Future Indefinite.
- •3. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова b Present indefinite або Future Indefinite
- •4. Перепишіть текст в минулому часі (що розповідала мама)
- •5. Перепишіть текст в минулому часі
- •6. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в Present Indefinite або Past Indefinite.
- •7. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в Present Indefinite або Past Indefinite.
- •8. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в Present, Past або Future Indefinite.
- •9. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в Present Continuous або Past Continuous
- •10. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в Past Indefinite або Past Continuous.
- •Unit II
- •1. Language Material
- •2. Reading Practice
- •3. Oral Practice
- •3.1. Answer questions.
- •3.2 Match the following:
- •3.3 Combine a noun with a preposition to complete each sentence:
- •3.4 Read the text and choose the best answer
- •4. Grammar Review часи групи perfect
- •I. The present perfect
- •1. The formation of the Present Perfect.
- •2. The use of the Present Perfect.
- •3. The Past Indefinite and the Present Perfect.
- •II. The past perfect
- •1. The formation of the Past Perfect.
- •2. The use of the Past Perfect.
- •3. The Past Indefinite and the Past Perfect.
- •III. The future perfect
- •The formation of the Future Perfect.
- •2. The use of the Future Perfect.
- •IV. The future perfест in the past
- •1. The formation of the Future Perfect in the Past.
- •The use of the Future Perfect in the Past.
- •5. Grammar Practice Perfect Tenses
- •1. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в належній формі, щоб отримати Present Continuous або Present Perfect.
- •2. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в Present Perfect або Past Indefinite.
- •3. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в Present Perfect або Past Indefinite.
- •4. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в Past Indefinite або Past Perfect.
- •5. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в Past Indefinite або Past Perfect.
- •6. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в одному з подальших часів:
- •7. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в одному з подальших часів:
- •8. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в одному з подальших часів:
- •9. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в одному з подальших часів:
- •Unit III
- •1. Language Material
- •2. Reading Practice
- •3. Oral Practice
- •3.1. Answer questions.
- •3.2 Match the words with their definitions
- •A. The expenses incurred in producing goods or services during the period.
- •3.3 Supply the sentences with the missing words. A. He divided his … among his four brothers.
- •3.7 Write English equivalents
- •4. Grammar Review the perfect continious the present perfect continuous
- •1. The formation of the Present Perfect Continuous.
- •2. The use of the Present Perfect Continuous.
- •3. The Present Perfect Continuous Inclusive and the Present Continuous.
- •4. The Present Perfect and the Present Perfect Continuous Exclusive.
- •The past perfect continuous
- •1. The formation of the Past Perfect Continuous.
- •2. The use of the Past Perfect Continuous.
- •3. The Past Perfect Continuous Inclusive and the Past Continuous.
- •The future perfect continuous
- •1. The formation of the Future Perfect Continuous.
- •2. The use of the Future Perfect Continuous.
- •The future perfect continuous in the past
- •1. The formation of the Future Perfect Continuous in the Past.
- •2. The use of the Future Perfect Continuous in the Past.
- •5. Grammar Practice
- •1. В поданих реченнях змініть час дієслів на Present Perfect. Перекладіть речення українською мовою.
- •2. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в належній формі, так щоб отримати Present Continuous или Present Perfect.
- •3. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в Present Perfect, Present Continuous, Present Indefinite або Past Indefinite.
- •4. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в Present Perfect, Past Indefinite, Past Continuous або Past Perfect.
- •5. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в належному часі.
- •Unit IV
- •1. Language Material
- •2. Reading Practice The income statement
- •3. Oral Practice
- •I. Which of the listed above statements are true (t); false (f)
- •Match the words with their definitions
- •Match the following
- •Complete the sentences with the correct comparative or superlative form of the adjectives
- •4. Grammar Review the passive voice
- •1. The formation of the Passive Voice.
- •2. The use of the Passive Voice.
- •3. The use of tenses in the Passive Voice.
- •5. Grammar Practice Passive Voice
- •1. Передайте наступні речення в Passive Voice.
- •2. Перекладіть английською, використовуючи дієслова в Passive Voice.
- •3. Передайте наступні речення в Passive Voice.
- •4. Передайте наступні речення в Passive Voice.
- •5. Передайте наступні речення в Passive Voice.
- •6. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в Passive Voice.
- •7. Перекладіть англійською, використовуючи дієслова в Passive Voice.
- •1. Language Material
- •2. Reading Practice The balance sheet
- •3. Oral Practice
- •Choose the correct answer
- •Supply the sentences with the missing words
- •Choose the best alternative to complete the sentence
- •Complete the following sentences by putting the correct form of the verb
- •4. Grammar Review modal verbs
- •1. Modal verbs
- •4. Must
- •5. Should and ought
- •8. Shall
- •9. Will
- •10. Would
- •11. Dare
- •12. Need
- •Unit VI
- •1. Language Material
- •2. Reading Practice a comprehensive plan
- •3. Oral Practice
- •I. Answer the questions:
- •Find antonyms to these words
- •Match the words with their definitions
- •Choose the best alternative to complete the sentence
- •4. Grammar Review sequence of tenses
- •Unit VII
- •1. Language Material
- •2. Reading Practice Choosing a legal form of organization
- •3. Oral Practice
- •Answer these questions. In each of the following select the word or phrase that best completes the statement
- •Translate the following word-combinations:
- •Find English equivalents in the text:
- •Complete these sentences
- •Put necessary words and propositions
- •4. Grammar Review the gerund
- •1. The tense distinctions of the gerund
- •2. The voice distinctions of the gerund
- •3. Predicative constructions with the gerund
- •4. The use of the gerund
- •5. The gerund and the infinitive
- •6. The functions of the gerund in the sentence
- •7. The gerund and the participle
- •8. The gerund and verbal noun
- •5. Grammar Practice
- •Unit VIII
- •1. Reading Practice Small business and the law
- •2. Oral Practice малий бізнес в луганську
3. The Past Indefinite and the Present Perfect.
An action expressed by the Past Indefinite belongs exclusively to the sphere of the past, while the Present Perfect shows that a past occurrence is connected with the present time.
She is not well and has changed very much of late.
She changed very much a great many years ago. (Dickens)
The Present Perfect is never used with such adverbial modifiers of the past time as yesterday, the other day, last week, etc. With such adverbial modifiers as to-day, this week, etc. both the Present Perfect and the Past Indefinite are used. The tenses are used according to the principle mentioned above.
I have told you three times this week that she is coming home for a year. (Dreiser)
I want your sister, the woman who gave me money today. (Dickens)
With the adverb just the Present Perfect is used.
I have just hired a new pianist irom St. Joe — a Negro. (Dreiser)
With the expression just now the Past Indefinite is used.
I saw you come in just now. (Dreiser)
Just now is less frequent than just.
II. The past perfect
1. The formation of the Past Perfect.
1. The Past Perfect is formed by means of the Past Indefinite of the auxiliary verb to have and Participle II of the notional verb.
2. In the interrogative form the auxiliary verb is placed before the subject. In the negative form the negative particle not is placed after the auxiliary verb.
Affirmative Interrogative Negative
I had worked Had I worked? I had not worked
He had worked Had he worked? He had not worked
She had worked Had she worked? She had not worked
We had worked Had we worked? We had not worked
You had worked Had you worked? You had not worked
They had worked Had they worked? They had not worked
3. The contracted affirmative forms are:
I'd written
We'd written
The contracted negative forms are:
I hadn't written
We hadn't written
4. The negative-interrogative forms are:
Had he not written?
Hadn't he written?
Had you not written?
Hadn't you written?
2. The use of the Past Perfect.
1. The Past Perfect denotes an action completed before a certain moment in the past. The moment may be indicated by another past action expressed by a verb in the Past Indefinite or by an adverbial phrase.
They had walked only a few steps when a second group of tanks drew up on the side road. (Heym) After she had cried out, she felt easier. (Heym) Fortunately the rain had stopped before we started. (Bennett) By this time Cowperwood has written Aileen under no circumstances to try to see him. (Dreiser) The clock had not struck when he reached Gray's Inn. (Dickens)
The definite moment can be understood from the situation.
The Squire had laid down his knife and fork, and was staring at his son in amazement. (Eliot)
The definite moment need not necessarily be expressed in the same sentence as the action expressed by the Past Perfect.
Everybody noticed how sad she was the whole evening. She had got an unpleasant letter. (Collins)
The Past Perfect is used with the conjunctions hardly... when, scarcely... when, no sooner... than.
They had no sooner arrived at this point than a most violent and startling knocking was heard. (Jerome)
Nell had scarcely settled herself on a little heap of straw in the corner when she fell asleep. (Dickens)
For the sake of emphasis the word order may be inverted
No sooner had she laid herself down than she heard the prolonged trill of the front-door bell. (Bennett)
The Past Perfect is frequently used with the adverbs just, already, yet.
Elsie, who had not yet assumed the white cap, was sweeping the stairs. (Bennett)
2. Sometimes the Past Perfect does not denote priority but only the completion of the action.
He waited until she bad found the latch-key and opened the door. (Bennett)
The Squire was purple with anger before his son had done speaking. (Eliot)
The Past Perfect is rendered in Russian by the past perfective.
By this time Cowperwood had written Aileen under no circumstances to try to see him. (Dreiser)
К этому времени Каупервуд написал Эйлин, чтобы она ни в коем случае не пыталась с ним встретиться.
3. The Past Perfect is used to denote an action which began before a definite moment in the past, continued up to that moment and was still going on at that moment. This use is called the Past Perfect Inclusive. The starting point or the whole period of duration of the action is indicated. To indicate the starting pointthe preposition since is used, to indicate the whole period of duration for is used.
The Past Perfect Inclusive is used:
(a) with verbs not admitting of the Continuous form.
Examination convinced him that the deacon was dead — had been dead for some time. (Eliot)
(b) in negative sentences.
Those two had not spoken to each other for three days and were in a state of rage. (Bennett)
(c) with non-terminative verbs such as to work, to live, to study, to teach, to travel, to last etc.
The ride had lasted about ten minutes, when the truck suddenly swerved to a halt. (Heym)
The Past Perfect Inclusive is generally rendered in Russian by the past perfective.
He had not written a line since he arrived.
Он не написал ни строчки с тех пор, как приехал.