- •1. Language Material
- •2. Reading Practice
- •3. Oral Practice
- •1. Answer questions.
- •3 Match the following:
- •4. Write the short essay on why you are agree or disagree with the statement that a strong small business community is the best interest of all citizens.
- •4. Grammar Review the indefinite form
- •II. The use of the Present Indefinite.
- •IV. The use of the Past Indefinite.
- •VI. The use of the Future Indefinite.
- •VII. The formation of the Future Indefinite in the Past.
- •VIII. The use of the Future Indefinite in the Past.
- •The formation of the Present Continuous.
- •II. The use of the Present Continuous.
- •Interrogative
- •IV. The use of the Past Continuous.
- •V. The formation of the Future Continuous.
- •5. Grammar Practice
- •Indefinite and Continuous Tenses
- •1. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова b Present indefinite або Future Indefinite.
- •2. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова b Present indefinite або Future Indefinite.
- •3. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова b Present indefinite або Future Indefinite
- •4. Перепишіть текст в минулому часі (що розповідала мама)
- •5. Перепишіть текст в минулому часі
- •6. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в Present Indefinite або Past Indefinite.
- •7. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в Present Indefinite або Past Indefinite.
- •8. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в Present, Past або Future Indefinite.
- •9. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в Present Continuous або Past Continuous
- •10. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в Past Indefinite або Past Continuous.
- •Unit II
- •1. Language Material
- •2. Reading Practice
- •3. Oral Practice
- •3.1. Answer questions.
- •3.2 Match the following:
- •3.3 Combine a noun with a preposition to complete each sentence:
- •3.4 Read the text and choose the best answer
- •4. Grammar Review часи групи perfect
- •I. The present perfect
- •1. The formation of the Present Perfect.
- •2. The use of the Present Perfect.
- •3. The Past Indefinite and the Present Perfect.
- •II. The past perfect
- •1. The formation of the Past Perfect.
- •2. The use of the Past Perfect.
- •3. The Past Indefinite and the Past Perfect.
- •III. The future perfect
- •The formation of the Future Perfect.
- •2. The use of the Future Perfect.
- •IV. The future perfест in the past
- •1. The formation of the Future Perfect in the Past.
- •The use of the Future Perfect in the Past.
- •5. Grammar Practice Perfect Tenses
- •1. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в належній формі, щоб отримати Present Continuous або Present Perfect.
- •2. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в Present Perfect або Past Indefinite.
- •3. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в Present Perfect або Past Indefinite.
- •4. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в Past Indefinite або Past Perfect.
- •5. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в Past Indefinite або Past Perfect.
- •6. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в одному з подальших часів:
- •7. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в одному з подальших часів:
- •8. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в одному з подальших часів:
- •9. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в одному з подальших часів:
- •Unit III
- •1. Language Material
- •2. Reading Practice
- •3. Oral Practice
- •3.1. Answer questions.
- •3.2 Match the words with their definitions
- •A. The expenses incurred in producing goods or services during the period.
- •3.3 Supply the sentences with the missing words. A. He divided his … among his four brothers.
- •3.7 Write English equivalents
- •4. Grammar Review the perfect continious the present perfect continuous
- •1. The formation of the Present Perfect Continuous.
- •2. The use of the Present Perfect Continuous.
- •3. The Present Perfect Continuous Inclusive and the Present Continuous.
- •4. The Present Perfect and the Present Perfect Continuous Exclusive.
- •The past perfect continuous
- •1. The formation of the Past Perfect Continuous.
- •2. The use of the Past Perfect Continuous.
- •3. The Past Perfect Continuous Inclusive and the Past Continuous.
- •The future perfect continuous
- •1. The formation of the Future Perfect Continuous.
- •2. The use of the Future Perfect Continuous.
- •The future perfect continuous in the past
- •1. The formation of the Future Perfect Continuous in the Past.
- •2. The use of the Future Perfect Continuous in the Past.
- •5. Grammar Practice
- •1. В поданих реченнях змініть час дієслів на Present Perfect. Перекладіть речення українською мовою.
- •2. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в належній формі, так щоб отримати Present Continuous или Present Perfect.
- •3. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в Present Perfect, Present Continuous, Present Indefinite або Past Indefinite.
- •4. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в Present Perfect, Past Indefinite, Past Continuous або Past Perfect.
- •5. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в належному часі.
- •Unit IV
- •1. Language Material
- •2. Reading Practice The income statement
- •3. Oral Practice
- •I. Which of the listed above statements are true (t); false (f)
- •Match the words with their definitions
- •Match the following
- •Complete the sentences with the correct comparative or superlative form of the adjectives
- •4. Grammar Review the passive voice
- •1. The formation of the Passive Voice.
- •2. The use of the Passive Voice.
- •3. The use of tenses in the Passive Voice.
- •5. Grammar Practice Passive Voice
- •1. Передайте наступні речення в Passive Voice.
- •2. Перекладіть английською, використовуючи дієслова в Passive Voice.
- •3. Передайте наступні речення в Passive Voice.
- •4. Передайте наступні речення в Passive Voice.
- •5. Передайте наступні речення в Passive Voice.
- •6. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в Passive Voice.
- •7. Перекладіть англійською, використовуючи дієслова в Passive Voice.
- •1. Language Material
- •2. Reading Practice The balance sheet
- •3. Oral Practice
- •Choose the correct answer
- •Supply the sentences with the missing words
- •Choose the best alternative to complete the sentence
- •Complete the following sentences by putting the correct form of the verb
- •4. Grammar Review modal verbs
- •1. Modal verbs
- •4. Must
- •5. Should and ought
- •8. Shall
- •9. Will
- •10. Would
- •11. Dare
- •12. Need
- •Unit VI
- •1. Language Material
- •2. Reading Practice a comprehensive plan
- •3. Oral Practice
- •I. Answer the questions:
- •Find antonyms to these words
- •Match the words with their definitions
- •Choose the best alternative to complete the sentence
- •4. Grammar Review sequence of tenses
- •Unit VII
- •1. Language Material
- •2. Reading Practice Choosing a legal form of organization
- •3. Oral Practice
- •Answer these questions. In each of the following select the word or phrase that best completes the statement
- •Translate the following word-combinations:
- •Find English equivalents in the text:
- •Complete these sentences
- •Put necessary words and propositions
- •4. Grammar Review the gerund
- •1. The tense distinctions of the gerund
- •2. The voice distinctions of the gerund
- •3. Predicative constructions with the gerund
- •4. The use of the gerund
- •5. The gerund and the infinitive
- •6. The functions of the gerund in the sentence
- •7. The gerund and the participle
- •8. The gerund and verbal noun
- •5. Grammar Practice
- •Unit VIII
- •1. Reading Practice Small business and the law
- •2. Oral Practice малий бізнес в луганську
Unit VII
1. Language Material
Endeavour [In'dFvq'] - спроба, прагнення
Consequences ['kOnsIkwqnsIs] - наслідок
Single proprietorship – одноособове володіння
Available – що знаходиться в розпорядженні
Affect - воздействовать, влиять
Raising - позичати (гроші)
Subject - піддавати (впливу)
Assumes – брати на себе
Provides – снабжати, забезпечувати
Foreseen [fL'sJn] - передбачати
Arrangements - угода, розпорядження
Interest – процент, відсоток
Advance drawings - авансування
Consent [kqn'sFnt] - згода
Sue [sH] – переслідувати за судовим порядком
Entity ['FntItI] – економічна одиниця, суб’єкт
Capital stock – акціонерний капітал
Transfer ['trxnsfq'] - передача, передавати
Applicability - уживаність
Profit sharing - участь у прибутках
2. Reading Practice Choosing a legal form of organization
New firm planners do some serious thinking about what legal form to choose for their new endeavour. This means determining what the status of the business will be in the eyes of the law. The choice has very important consequences.
Three legal forms (1. single proprietorship, 2. partnership, 3. corporation) are available to small firms. In all cases, all three choices should be looked at carefully. Some of the factors that should affect the decision include plans for expansion, product or service being sold, needs for raising capital now and in subsequent years, liability characteristics of the planned firm, the proprietor’s available investment funds, need for continued life of the firm, alternatives for bringing desired people into the firm, and legal requirements of the particular locality.
THE SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP is a business owned and operated by one person. The owner and the business are synonymous in the eyes of the law. All assets in the firm are owned by the proprietor, subject only to the liabilities incurred in its establishment and operation. The proprietor is solely responsible for all personal and business debts and any losses incurred, assume all the firm’s risks, provides most of its capital, and provides its total management. The only requirement for its establishment is that the owner obtains any licenses required by the city, state and start operations.
The proprietorship form has several advantages, such as: 1. Simplicity of organization, 2. Owner’s freedom to make all decisions, 3. Owner’s enjoyment of all profits, 4. Minimum legal restrictions, 5. Ease of discontinuance, 6. Tax advantages.
Disadvantages of the sole proprietorship: 1. Owner’s possible lack of ability and experience, 2. Limited opportunity for employees, 3. Difficult in raising capital, 4. Limited life of the firm, 5. Unlimited liability of proprietor.
THE PARTNERSHIP is usually defined as an association of two or more persons to carry on as co-owners of a business for profit. Partnerships are based upon a partnership agreement, also known as Articles of Copartnership. Without a written agreement, the partnership does not really exist. Many circumstances arise which cannot be foreseen and therefore must be anticipated. It should cover all areas of possible disagreement among the partners. It should define the authority and the rights and duties of each partner, and the limits to such authority. It should include an agreement on how profits and losses are to be divided. Partners may make special arrangements to pay members of the firm for services rendered, interest on capital investment, time spent, or advance drawings before the balance of profits is to be divided in an agreed ratio.
Advantages of the partnership: 1. Ease of organization. 2. Combined talents, judgments, and skills. 3. Larger capital available to the firm. 4. Maximization of personal interest in the firm. 5. Definite legal status of the firm. 6. Tax advantages.
Disadvantages of the partnership: 1. Unlimited liability. 2. Limited life. 3. Divided authority. 4. Danger of disagreement.
THE CORPORATION is an association of stockholders (part owners), formed with government consent and having the power to transact business in the same manner as if it were one person. A corporation has the same right as an individual to own property, conduct business, make contracts, sue, and be sued. A corporation is a single entity (an individual person) in the eyes of the law.
Corporations are either closed or public. A small business corporation is usually a closed corporation. This means that capital stock is not sold to the public. If one of the stockholders decides to tell stock, it is usually sold to one of the other stockholders or to someone of whom they all approve. In this way, the ownership of the business is selective and controlled.
A public or open corporation offers its stock to the public. This means that its stock is available to anyone who wants to buy it. The principal owner of a public corporation is the majority stockholder.
Advantages of the corporation: 1. Limited liability. 2. Variety of skills, abilities and ideas. 3. Easy transfer of ownership. 4. Ease of expansion. 5. Unlimited existence. 6. Applicability for both large and small firms.
Disadvantages of the corporation: 1. Government regulation. 2. Profit sharing. 3. Complexity and high cost. 4. Lack of freedom of action. 5. Taxes.