- •1. Language Material
- •2. Reading Practice
- •3. Oral Practice
- •1. Answer questions.
- •3 Match the following:
- •4. Write the short essay on why you are agree or disagree with the statement that a strong small business community is the best interest of all citizens.
- •4. Grammar Review the indefinite form
- •II. The use of the Present Indefinite.
- •IV. The use of the Past Indefinite.
- •VI. The use of the Future Indefinite.
- •VII. The formation of the Future Indefinite in the Past.
- •VIII. The use of the Future Indefinite in the Past.
- •The formation of the Present Continuous.
- •II. The use of the Present Continuous.
- •Interrogative
- •IV. The use of the Past Continuous.
- •V. The formation of the Future Continuous.
- •5. Grammar Practice
- •Indefinite and Continuous Tenses
- •1. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова b Present indefinite або Future Indefinite.
- •2. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова b Present indefinite або Future Indefinite.
- •3. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова b Present indefinite або Future Indefinite
- •4. Перепишіть текст в минулому часі (що розповідала мама)
- •5. Перепишіть текст в минулому часі
- •6. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в Present Indefinite або Past Indefinite.
- •7. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в Present Indefinite або Past Indefinite.
- •8. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в Present, Past або Future Indefinite.
- •9. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в Present Continuous або Past Continuous
- •10. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в Past Indefinite або Past Continuous.
- •Unit II
- •1. Language Material
- •2. Reading Practice
- •3. Oral Practice
- •3.1. Answer questions.
- •3.2 Match the following:
- •3.3 Combine a noun with a preposition to complete each sentence:
- •3.4 Read the text and choose the best answer
- •4. Grammar Review часи групи perfect
- •I. The present perfect
- •1. The formation of the Present Perfect.
- •2. The use of the Present Perfect.
- •3. The Past Indefinite and the Present Perfect.
- •II. The past perfect
- •1. The formation of the Past Perfect.
- •2. The use of the Past Perfect.
- •3. The Past Indefinite and the Past Perfect.
- •III. The future perfect
- •The formation of the Future Perfect.
- •2. The use of the Future Perfect.
- •IV. The future perfест in the past
- •1. The formation of the Future Perfect in the Past.
- •The use of the Future Perfect in the Past.
- •5. Grammar Practice Perfect Tenses
- •1. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в належній формі, щоб отримати Present Continuous або Present Perfect.
- •2. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в Present Perfect або Past Indefinite.
- •3. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в Present Perfect або Past Indefinite.
- •4. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в Past Indefinite або Past Perfect.
- •5. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в Past Indefinite або Past Perfect.
- •6. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в одному з подальших часів:
- •7. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в одному з подальших часів:
- •8. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в одному з подальших часів:
- •9. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в одному з подальших часів:
- •Unit III
- •1. Language Material
- •2. Reading Practice
- •3. Oral Practice
- •3.1. Answer questions.
- •3.2 Match the words with their definitions
- •A. The expenses incurred in producing goods or services during the period.
- •3.3 Supply the sentences with the missing words. A. He divided his … among his four brothers.
- •3.7 Write English equivalents
- •4. Grammar Review the perfect continious the present perfect continuous
- •1. The formation of the Present Perfect Continuous.
- •2. The use of the Present Perfect Continuous.
- •3. The Present Perfect Continuous Inclusive and the Present Continuous.
- •4. The Present Perfect and the Present Perfect Continuous Exclusive.
- •The past perfect continuous
- •1. The formation of the Past Perfect Continuous.
- •2. The use of the Past Perfect Continuous.
- •3. The Past Perfect Continuous Inclusive and the Past Continuous.
- •The future perfect continuous
- •1. The formation of the Future Perfect Continuous.
- •2. The use of the Future Perfect Continuous.
- •The future perfect continuous in the past
- •1. The formation of the Future Perfect Continuous in the Past.
- •2. The use of the Future Perfect Continuous in the Past.
- •5. Grammar Practice
- •1. В поданих реченнях змініть час дієслів на Present Perfect. Перекладіть речення українською мовою.
- •2. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в належній формі, так щоб отримати Present Continuous или Present Perfect.
- •3. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в Present Perfect, Present Continuous, Present Indefinite або Past Indefinite.
- •4. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в Present Perfect, Past Indefinite, Past Continuous або Past Perfect.
- •5. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в належному часі.
- •Unit IV
- •1. Language Material
- •2. Reading Practice The income statement
- •3. Oral Practice
- •I. Which of the listed above statements are true (t); false (f)
- •Match the words with their definitions
- •Match the following
- •Complete the sentences with the correct comparative or superlative form of the adjectives
- •4. Grammar Review the passive voice
- •1. The formation of the Passive Voice.
- •2. The use of the Passive Voice.
- •3. The use of tenses in the Passive Voice.
- •5. Grammar Practice Passive Voice
- •1. Передайте наступні речення в Passive Voice.
- •2. Перекладіть английською, використовуючи дієслова в Passive Voice.
- •3. Передайте наступні речення в Passive Voice.
- •4. Передайте наступні речення в Passive Voice.
- •5. Передайте наступні речення в Passive Voice.
- •6. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова в Passive Voice.
- •7. Перекладіть англійською, використовуючи дієслова в Passive Voice.
- •1. Language Material
- •2. Reading Practice The balance sheet
- •3. Oral Practice
- •Choose the correct answer
- •Supply the sentences with the missing words
- •Choose the best alternative to complete the sentence
- •Complete the following sentences by putting the correct form of the verb
- •4. Grammar Review modal verbs
- •1. Modal verbs
- •4. Must
- •5. Should and ought
- •8. Shall
- •9. Will
- •10. Would
- •11. Dare
- •12. Need
- •Unit VI
- •1. Language Material
- •2. Reading Practice a comprehensive plan
- •3. Oral Practice
- •I. Answer the questions:
- •Find antonyms to these words
- •Match the words with their definitions
- •Choose the best alternative to complete the sentence
- •4. Grammar Review sequence of tenses
- •Unit VII
- •1. Language Material
- •2. Reading Practice Choosing a legal form of organization
- •3. Oral Practice
- •Answer these questions. In each of the following select the word or phrase that best completes the statement
- •Translate the following word-combinations:
- •Find English equivalents in the text:
- •Complete these sentences
- •Put necessary words and propositions
- •4. Grammar Review the gerund
- •1. The tense distinctions of the gerund
- •2. The voice distinctions of the gerund
- •3. Predicative constructions with the gerund
- •4. The use of the gerund
- •5. The gerund and the infinitive
- •6. The functions of the gerund in the sentence
- •7. The gerund and the participle
- •8. The gerund and verbal noun
- •5. Grammar Practice
- •Unit VIII
- •1. Reading Practice Small business and the law
- •2. Oral Practice малий бізнес в луганську
3. The Present Perfect Continuous Inclusive and the Present Continuous.
Students should take care not to mix up the Present Perfect Continuous and the Present Continuous: the Present Continuous is used to denote an action going on at the present moment, no previous duration is expressed. The Present Perfect Continuous Inclusive is used when the previous duration of the action is expressed.
I am reading Dombey and Son.
I have been reading Dombey and Son for three days.
There is no difference in the translation:
Я читаю роман «Домби и сын».
Я читаю роман «Домби и сын» три дня.
4. The Present Perfect and the Present Perfect Continuous Exclusive.
The Present Perfect denotes a completed action while with the Present Perfect Continuous Exclusive there is an implication of incompleteness.
He has made some experiments. Он сделал несколько опытов.
He has been making experiments. Он делал опыты.
Why are your lips black? I have been eating blackberries. I have eaten a whole plateful. Я ел чернику. Я съел целую тарелку.
She is walking up and down the room thinking of the letter she has been writing and wondering how she should finish it. She is going to post the letter she has just written.
The past perfect continuous
1. The formation of the Past Perfect Continuous.
1. The Past Perfect Continuous is formed by means of the Past Perfect of the auxiliary verb to be and Participle I of the notional verb.
2. In the interrogative form the first auxiliary verb is placed before the subject. In the negative form the negative particle not is placed after the first auxiliary verb.
Affirmative Interrogative
I had been writing Had I been writing?
He had been writing Had he been writing?
She had been writing Had she been writing?
We had been writing Had we been writing?
You had been writing Had you been writing?
They had been writing Had they been writing?
Negative
I had not been writing
He had not been writing
She had not been writing
We had not been writing
You had not been writing
They had not been writing
3. The contracted affirmative forms are:
I'd been writing She'd been writing
The contracted negative forms are:
I hadn't been writing We hadn't been writing
4. The negative-interrogative forms are:
Had he not been writing?
Hadn't he been writing?
Had you not been writing?
Hadn't you been writing?
2. The use of the Past Perfect Continuous.
We distinguish two uses of the Past Perfect Continuous: the Past Perfect Continuous Inclusive and the Past Perfect Continuous Exclusive.
1. The Past Perfect Continuous Inclusive denotes an action which began before a definite moment in the past, continued up to that moment and was still going on at that moment. Either the starting point of the action is indicated or the whole period of duration. The preposition for is used to denote the whole period of duration. Since is used to indicate the starting point of the action.
We could not go out because it had been raining since early morning. We could not go out because it had been raining for two hours. He had been entertaining at restaurants for thirty years and he knew how to assure the smooth passage of the meal. (Bennett)
As has been stated above, the Past Perfect Inclusive is used to express an action which began before a definite moment in the past, continued up to that moment and was still going on at that moment, with verbs not admitting of the Continuous form, in negative sentences and with certain non-terminative verbs. With verbs not admitting of the Continuous form the Past Perfect Inclusive is the only tense possible. In negative sentences the Past Perfect Continuous Inclusive can be used, but it is far less common than the Past Perfect Inclusive. With certain non-terminative verbs both the Past Perfect Inclusive and the Past Perfect Continuous Inclusive are used.
He said he had worked for twenty years. (The fact is emphasized.) He said he had been working for a long time without achieving final results. (The process is emphasized.)
The Past Perfect Continuous Inclusive is rendered in Russian by the past imperfective.
I had been reading about an hour when he came. Я читал около часа, когда он пришел.
2. The Past Perfect Continuous Exclusive denotes an action which was no longer going on at a definite moment in the past, but which had been in progress not long before.
I sobbed a little still, but that was because I had been crying, not because I was crying then. (Dickens)