- •Symbol Referent
- •Name:”dog” is named by Referent: a real dog
- •The nature of language. Linguistic sign. Semiotics. (2)
- •The english word. The size-of-unit problem.
- •On the first floor// there is a nursery
- •We are friends. Are we not?
- •Multistructural units.
- •Theory of nomination and reference.
- •Lexical meaning.
- •Meaning and Use
- •The Identity-Unit_Problem
- •Phonetic Variations.
- •Morphological variation.
- •Lexical Variation.
- •Semantic Variation.
- •Semantic change.
- •Semantic structure. Name-sense relationship.
- •Polysemy.
- •Homonymy.
- •Enantiosemy.
- •Awfully good
- •Awfully nice Synonymy.
- •Classification:
- •To happen – to occur – to befall – to chance Look – appearance – complexion – countenance
- •Antonymy.
- •Ж ивой – полуживой – полумертвый – мертвый
- •Продавать – покупать
- •Phraseology.
- •Bright day
- •Red revolution
- •AmE: to have a skeleton on the closet
- •It’s high time to do smth our mind, ready-made
- •“To be or not to be” Shakespeare
- •“The course of true reforms has never run smooth in Russia” – “the Times”
- •To bell the cat
- •The Rubicon is crossed
- •A hard nut to crack
- •The ice is broken
- •Word formation (словообразование)
- •Suffixation
- •Conversion
- •Back derivation
- •Clipping
- •Blending
- •Word manufacturing
- •Componential analysis
- •Borrowings
- •Омонимия
- •Переход из одного состояния в др.-выйти из леса
- •Ex.: cat, dinner, cup
- •International words.
- •Shadow-shade
- •Loan Words
Ж ивой – полуживой – полумертвый – мертвый
Частично антонимичные
Антонимичны
(alive – half dead – dead)
Холодный - горячий
Холодный – прохладный – теплый – горячий
(cold – chilly – cool – warm – hot)
Признаковое пространство должно быть упорядочено. (Associative area must be regulated and put in order)
Противоположные признаки – симметричны друг другу.(Opposite features-symmetrical to each other)
Nikitin:
qualitative & quantitative (качественные – количественные)
трусливый – храбрый легкий – тяжелый
apprehensive – brave light – heavy
Quantitative antonyms
легкий тяжелый (нарастание признака)
feature increase
Qualitative antonyms
хороший плохой (нет нарастания признака)
no feature increase
one-root & different roots (according to their morphological structure)
хороший – нехороший хороший – плохой
- logical classification
contrary |
contradictory |
There is a middle term between them |
There is no middle term between them |
Хороший – нехороший – плохой |
Органический – неорганический |
Intentional & extensional
intentional |
Extensional |
Живой – мертвый;красивый – некрасивый |
Белый – небелый |
У каждого слова есть интенсиональное основание |
Т.к. слово “небелый” не существует в языке автономно, существует только тогда, когда я знаю, что такое “белый”. У слова “небелый” нет интенсионала. |
Ex.: mother
stable, invariable features – intension
(родитель, женского пола)
a female parent - intension
Intension is some notion formed by class distinctions, always stable & invariable.
Extensions in this case are: biological mother
step-mother
mother-in-law
motherland
surrogate mother
godmother
It is the range of applicability (применимость), always variable & individual.
ship
intension: a vehicle used for moving on water
extension: passenger ship
sailing ship
battle ship (военный корабль) man of war
cargo ship
Antonyms are words which have in their meaning a qualitative feature & can, therefore, be regarded as semantically opposite.
Unlike synonyms, antonyms do not differ stylistically. – some scholars
- moot (дискуссионный, спорный) question, controversial
Conversives (or conversive pairs), which are not antonyms but are semantically opposed.
Conversives denote one & the same situation, but viewed from different points of view.
In most cases, conversives are verbs.
Завещать – наследовать
Давать – брать
Жениться – выходить замуж