- •Symbol Referent
- •Name:”dog” is named by Referent: a real dog
- •The nature of language. Linguistic sign. Semiotics. (2)
- •The english word. The size-of-unit problem.
- •On the first floor// there is a nursery
- •We are friends. Are we not?
- •Multistructural units.
- •Theory of nomination and reference.
- •Lexical meaning.
- •Meaning and Use
- •The Identity-Unit_Problem
- •Phonetic Variations.
- •Morphological variation.
- •Lexical Variation.
- •Semantic Variation.
- •Semantic change.
- •Semantic structure. Name-sense relationship.
- •Polysemy.
- •Homonymy.
- •Enantiosemy.
- •Awfully good
- •Awfully nice Synonymy.
- •Classification:
- •To happen – to occur – to befall – to chance Look – appearance – complexion – countenance
- •Antonymy.
- •Ж ивой – полуживой – полумертвый – мертвый
- •Продавать – покупать
- •Phraseology.
- •Bright day
- •Red revolution
- •AmE: to have a skeleton on the closet
- •It’s high time to do smth our mind, ready-made
- •“To be or not to be” Shakespeare
- •“The course of true reforms has never run smooth in Russia” – “the Times”
- •To bell the cat
- •The Rubicon is crossed
- •A hard nut to crack
- •The ice is broken
- •Word formation (словообразование)
- •Suffixation
- •Conversion
- •Back derivation
- •Clipping
- •Blending
- •Word manufacturing
- •Componential analysis
- •Borrowings
- •Омонимия
- •Переход из одного состояния в др.-выйти из леса
- •Ex.: cat, dinner, cup
- •International words.
- •Shadow-shade
- •Loan Words
Омонимия
-совпадение означающих у означаемых, которые связаны общей идеей- полисемия.
Переход из одного состояния в др.-выйти из леса
Выйти из народа
Выйти из затруднительного положения
- тождество означаемых при различии означаемых.
«бегемот»-«гиппопотам»
-синонимия
Такая ассиметрия вызывается сдвигами знака.
Карцевский: «Означаемое и означающее постоянно скользят по наклон.плоскости реальности»
Знак приспосабливается к конкретным ситуациям языковая система может эволюционировать.
Природа лингвистического знака- неизменна и подвижна одновременно.
Классификация знаков.
Иконическая- подобие означаемого и означающего.
«собака на воротах»
Ч . Пирс Иконические
Образы(images) диаграммы(diagram)
(морда собаки на воротах) (сходство означаемого с означающим
в соотношении частей) pie-chart
«Я тебя жду» «Я тебя жду-жду»
Индексы основаны на отношении смежности.
Дым- индекс огня
Покраснения кожи лица- стыд
Символы основаны на условности.
(корень квадратный)
Индексы в языке: указательные местоимения (тот, этот)
Etymology.
The reason of borrowings:
to fill a gap in vocabulary
“Potato”,”tomato” from Spanish when appeared in English (these vegetables)
It represents the same concept but in some aspect: a new shade of meaning.
Ex.: friendly-cordial (Latin)
Desire(French)-wish
Admire(Latin)-adore( French)
When borrowed words become assimilated in the language and the process of assimilation develops to the point when it’s practically impossible to recognize the origin of a word.
Ex.: cat, dinner, cup
Other words bear trace of their background.
Ex.: distance, development (French suffixes)
Skin, sky (Scandinavian)
Police, garage, cafe (French) Stress on the last syllable.
Some Norman borrowings have become fully adopted, no phonetic traces of their French origin: table.
“Big in size” as first it retained a trace of it’s former meaning “wide” because it was applied to object with vast horizontal dimension.
Nowadays it has approached very closely to the word “big”.
International words.
Borrowed by several languages.
Philosophy, mathematics, theatre, drama.
Terms of art, political terms, names of science, technological terms (telephone), sports (football), fruits and food stuff (coffee, banana).
Etymological doublets.
“shirt”-“skirt” from the same root etymologically, although “shirt”- native, “skirt”-(Scandinavian).
Resemblance-common origin. Both-articles of clothes.
Etymological doublets-words originated from the same etymological origin, but different in phonemic shape and meaning.
Canal (Latin)
Chanel (French)
From the same root
Senior (Latin)
Sir (French)
Etymological triplets as well:
Hospital (Latin)
Hostel (French)
Hotel (French)
to capture (Latin)
to catch
to chase
A doublet can be shortened: history-story