- •Symbol Referent
- •Name:”dog” is named by Referent: a real dog
- •The nature of language. Linguistic sign. Semiotics. (2)
- •The english word. The size-of-unit problem.
- •On the first floor// there is a nursery
- •We are friends. Are we not?
- •Multistructural units.
- •Theory of nomination and reference.
- •Lexical meaning.
- •Meaning and Use
- •The Identity-Unit_Problem
- •Phonetic Variations.
- •Morphological variation.
- •Lexical Variation.
- •Semantic Variation.
- •Semantic change.
- •Semantic structure. Name-sense relationship.
- •Polysemy.
- •Homonymy.
- •Enantiosemy.
- •Awfully good
- •Awfully nice Synonymy.
- •Classification:
- •To happen – to occur – to befall – to chance Look – appearance – complexion – countenance
- •Antonymy.
- •Ж ивой – полуживой – полумертвый – мертвый
- •Продавать – покупать
- •Phraseology.
- •Bright day
- •Red revolution
- •AmE: to have a skeleton on the closet
- •It’s high time to do smth our mind, ready-made
- •“To be or not to be” Shakespeare
- •“The course of true reforms has never run smooth in Russia” – “the Times”
- •To bell the cat
- •The Rubicon is crossed
- •A hard nut to crack
- •The ice is broken
- •Word formation (словообразование)
- •Suffixation
- •Conversion
- •Back derivation
- •Clipping
- •Blending
- •Word manufacturing
- •Componential analysis
- •Borrowings
- •Омонимия
- •Переход из одного состояния в др.-выйти из леса
- •Ex.: cat, dinner, cup
- •International words.
- •Shadow-shade
- •Loan Words
Продавать – покупать
Конверсивные признаки взаимно предполагают друг друга в отличие от антонимов.
1.Короткий- длинный – антонимы
2.Продавать – покупать – конверсивы
1. Т.к. А является коротким не потому, что В является длинным
2. А является покупателем, т.к. В является продавцом (взаимно предполагают друг друга).
Природа конверсивности иная, чем антонимия
Exciting – excited – conversives
Amusing – amused – conversives
Антонимы – симметричны, конверсивы – несимметричны.
Курбякова и Кацнельсон:
4 критерия:
1). Субстантивность, предикатность
Ex.: darkness – light dark – light
hatred – love often – seldom
cry – laughter to cry – to laugh
male – female
Вещные и признаковые у Никитина
2). Статичность, динамичность
static – dynamic
Ex.: man – woman arrival - departure
evil – good increase – decrease
3). Приватность, эквиполентность
privacy – equipollency
Привативная оппозиция характеризуется наличием признака одного члена и отсутствием у другого.
Ex.: poverty – wealth (количественные у Никитина)
lie – truth
Эквиполентная оппозиция один член характеризуется одним признаком, другой член – другим признаком, соотносящемуся с первым.
Ex.: man – woman (качественные у Никитина)
cry – laughter
hatred – love
4). Бинарность, градуальность
binary – gradual
↓ ↓
только › 2 членов
2 члена
Ex.: бинарность
lie – truth (contradictory у Никитина)
arrive – depart
male – female
градуальность
to hate – not to hate – to be indifferent – to love
Gradual opposition is characterized by the gradability of some qualitative feature.
Binary opposition is characterized by lack of any gradability, because the words express contradictory notions.
Privative is based on the idea of markedness, the unmarked member – more widely used.
Ex.: old – young How old are you?
marked unmarked Not: How young are you?
Not all antonyms show this marked/unmarked distinction.
Equipollent (equal) – both members are logically equal, each of them has a feature opposite to the feature of the other member of the opposition.
Никитин: one-root – derivational antonyms
different roots – absolute antonyms.
Phraseology.
Alongside with separate words speakers use larger blocks functioning as whole (consisting › 1 word).
In any language there are certain restrictions imposed upon co-occurence of words.
They can be connected with linguistic factors or the ties in the extra-linguistic reality.
3 types of lexical combinability of words:
1). Free combination
Grammatical properties of words are the main factor of their combinability.
Ex.: I’m talking to you. You are writing.
Free combinations permit substitution of any of its elements without semantic change of the other element.
2). Collocations.
Ex.: to commit a murder
Bread & butter
Dark night
Blue sky