Shadow-shade
defence-fence
fantasy-fancy
fanatic-fan
Loan Words
(translation loans)
Borrowings of a special kind’coz they are not taken into the vocabulary of another language in the same phonemic shape they have functioned in their own language, but undergo the process of translation.
«
вундеркинд»-wonder
child
G erman
«майстек штюк»-masterpiece
Russian: пятилетка- a five-year plan
kолхоз- collective farm
Sometimes in two different forms:
Блиц-криг- молниеносная война
Lightning war
Blitzkrieg
Borrowed words are mostly learned words and terminology (foreign words dominate the native).
All short common words are native, but there are also a layer words which have become fully adopted, their origin- unrecognizable.
Ex.: air face poor
our dress very
native appearance and common use
French words are more formal and more emotional:
To begin-to commence
To wish-to desire
Motherly love-maternal love
Childish-infantile
Sunny-solar
(day) (system)
nosy-nasal
(parker) (sound,voice)
человек, который сует нос не в свои дела
handy-manual (therapy)
Neologisms
Different points of view:
if we feel that it’s neologism-it is.
25 years ago- it’s neologism.
Classification:
by Haham:
Words in which the form and the meaning is new.
Ex.: audiotyping
the former-new, the meaning has already been expressed by some other word.
Ex.: big C-cancer
the meaning –new, but the form existed.
Ex.: “bread” in the meaning of money
“green”=$
by Rosen:
these are words which can occur in isolation, but at the same time they can be parts of new words.
Ex.: Euro(money)-Euro market
Anything …burger
new morphemes which have appeared in the language recently
ex.: -nik peacenik
beatnik
-teria washateria
bookateria
these are words which consist of already existing morphemes, but in new combination
ex.: “greenback”=$
skinhead
by Zabotkina:
phonological neologisms these are new words formed from morphemes.
Ex.: Z-z-z – a short nap (onomotopoeic words)
semantic neologisms- they are semantically motivated
ex.: bread= money
green=$
3. syntactic neologism
phraseological morphological
(word combinations) (formed by the meaning of affixation,
ex.: big C conversion, clipping, lexicalization, compounding)
ex.: audiotyping
4. borrowings
ex.: Pizza Hut
Formation of neologisms:
affixation- is the most productive
ex.: beatnik, washateria
word over lapping (междусловное наложение)
e
x.:
swellegant (swell+elegant)
abbreviation (blending)
compounding
ex.: skinhead, greenback
forming new words from word combination and sentences
ex.: boldheadish, 6 o’clockish
how-do-you-doers
forming new words according already existing productive pattern.
Ex.: fingersmith (карманник)
tunesmith
lexicolazation
ex.: don’t talk about –izms with me.
Teens
wordplays
e
x.:
Где
находится нофелет?
quazilexems- words formed from phonemes.
Ex.: Z-z-z
Ёпрст
Абвгдэйка