- •Учебно-методический комплект по английскому языку для студентов по специальности: 0201 «Правоведение». Пояснительная записка
- •Unit 1 Text
- •Grammar Word formation Основные суффиксы существительных
- •Основные суффиксы прилагательных
- •Unit 2 Text
- •2.Tenses of Verbs
- •Сводная таблица употребления времен в действительном залоге
- •Exercises
- •Read the text translate it and do exercises: Madame Tussaud’s.
- •Unit 3 Text
- •Grammar
- •Passive Voice образуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем лице, числе и времени и Past Participle (причастия прошедшего времени) смыслового глагола.
- •It is known that Bonnie and Clyde were famous robbers.
- •На русский язык английский страдательный залог может переводиться:
- •Principles of criminal law
- •International law
- •Rules of international law
- •Exercise 2 Translate into English:
- •Exercise 3 Match the coloums:
- •Exercise 4 Find the following expressions in the translate them into Russian:
- •2. The Rules of the Sequence of Tenses
- •Criminology
- •1.Смертная казнь
- •Task 6 Render the following article into English Grammar
- •1. International words.
- •The causes of crime
- •Unit 8 Punishment
- •1) Связанный с применением наказания
- •2) Карательный; штрафной
- •Charles Lynch
- •Grammar
- •Правило 1: Особенности образования сравнительной степени
- •Особенности образования превосходной степени
- •Самая жестокая – смертная казнь.
- •Unit 9 Capital punishment: history.
- •Grammar
- •The Participles and their function in sentences.
- •P articiple
- •The Present Participle The Past Participle
- •Exercises
- •1 The fine paid amounted to three hundred dollars.
- •Unit 10. Treatment of criminals
- •Crime of Passion
- •Assault
- •Shop-lifting
- •Proverbs and Sayings
- •Grammar The infinitive
- •Subject Part of Predicate Object
- •The infinitive
- •Exercises
- •Unit 11 From the History of Police Forces
- •Grammar Some specific nouns
- •Lack of evidence………………………………………………………………
- •Unit 12 the organisation of police forces The British Police
- •1. Police uniform a. Полицейский
- •Grammar
- •Свойства глагола.
- •Свойства существительного.
- •Функции герундия в предложении Герундий выполняет функции в предложении:
- •Charging
- •The Miranda Warning
- •Before; in; to; of; with
- •Grammar Conditional Sentences (Условные предложения).
- •Главное предложение Придаточное предложение
- •Past и Past Continuous
- •Главное предложение Придаточное предложение
- •Police and public
- •Police Discipline
- •Unit 15 Scotland Yard
- •Courtroom Personnel
- •Kinds of cases
- •Свидетельство
Courtroom Personnel
In addition to the lawyers and the judge, three other people will play an important role in the trial. The court reporter, who sits close to the witnesses and the judge, puts down every word what is spoken during the trial and also may record the proceedings on tape. The clerk, who sits right below the judge, keeps track of all documents and exhibits and notes down important events in the trial. The bailiff helps to keep the trial running smoothly. The jury is in the custody of the bailiff, who sees to the jurors comfort and convenience and helps them if they are having any problems related to jury service.
Kinds of cases
Civil Cases
Civil cases are usually disputes between or among private citizens, corporations, governments, government, agencies, and other organizations. Most often, the party bringing the suit is asking for money damages for some wrong that has been done. For example, a tenant may sue a landlords for failure to six a leaky roof, or a landlord may sue a tenant for failure to pay rent. People who have been injured may sue a person or a company they feel is responsible for the injured.
The party bringing the suit is called the plaintiff; the party being sued is called the defendant. There may be many plaintiffs or many defendants in the same case.
The plaintiff starts the lawsuit by filing a paper called a complaint, in which the case against the defendant is stated. The next paper filed is usually the answer, in which the defendant disputes what the plaintiff said in the complaint. The defendant may also feel that there has been a wrong committed by the plaintiff, in which case a counterclaim will be filed along with the answer. It is up to the plaintiff to prove the case against the defendant. In each civil case the judge tells the jury the extent to which the plaintiff must prove the case. This is called the plaintiff’s burden of proof, a burden that the plaintiff must meet in order to win. In most civil cases the plaintiffs burden is to prove the case by a preponderance of evidence, that is, that the plaintiff’s version of what happened in the case is more probably true than not true.
Jury verdicts do not need to be unanimous in civil cases. Only ten jurors need to agree upon a verdict if there are 12 jurors: five must agree if there are six jurors.
Criminal Cases
A criminal case is brought by the state or by a city or country against a person of persons accused of having committed a crime. The state, city, or country is called the plaintiff; the accused person is called the defendant. The charge against the defendant is called an information or a complaint. The defendant has pleaded not guilty and you should presume the defendant’s innocence throughout the entire trial unless the plaintiff proves the defendant guilty. The plaintiff’s burden of proof is greater in a criminal case than in a civil case. In each criminal case you hear the judge will tell you all the elements of the crime that the plaintiff must prove; the plaintiff must prove each of these elements beyond reasonable doubt before defendant can be found guilty.
In criminal cases the verdict must be unanimous, that is, all jurors must agree that the defendant is guilty in order to overcome the presumption of innocence.
Task 1. Find in the text above the English equivalents for the following words
and expressions:
заявление об обвинении
элемент (состава) преступления
презумпция невиновности
показания (2)
истец
судебное разбирательство (3)
частные лица
денежная компенсация ущерба
единогласное решение присяжных
наличие более веских доказательств
письменные объяснения, возражения ответчику по делу
ответчик
встречный иск
бремя доказывания
ответственность за ущерб
подать иск/возбудить дело
заслушать показания
заявить о своей невиновности
Task 2. The word EVIDENCE has the following meanings in Russian: