- •Государственное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования «Сибирский государственный аэрокосмический университет
- •Preface
- •Credits
- •Table of contents
- •Unit 1 what is science?
- •Part 1: principles of effective reading
- •Skimming: for getting the gist of something
- •Detailed reading: for extracting information accurately
- •Text a the discovery of X-rays
- •Text b call for tolerance towards some 'stem cell tourism'
- •Text c general guidelines
- •Part 2: oral or written?
- •Group 1
- •The academic audience
- •Levels of formality
- •The range of formality Technical → Formal → Informal → Colloquial
- •Part 3: what is science?
- •What is science?
- •Part 4: technology: pros & cons
- •Part 5:listening for academic purposes
- •The Computer Jungle
- •Unit 2 science to life: between the lines
- •Part 1: how effectively can you read?
- •Reading skills for academic study
- •Using the title
- •Part 2: paragraph development and topic sentences
- •Text a Science and Technology
- •Text c Research: Fundamental and Applied, and the Public
- •Part 3: scientists' brain drain Task 16. You are going to read a magazine article (Text a). Choose the most suitable heading from the list (1 – 9) for each part (a – j) of an article
- •Text a highlights of the north
- •Text b bio tech brain drain: are too many talented scientists leaving the southeast?
- •Part 4 reading skills for success
- •Reading skills for success: a guide to academic texts
- •Collocations
- •Part 5: listening for academic purposes
- •Going Digital: The Future of College Textbooks?
- •Part 6: grammar review sentence structure
- •1. Simple sentence:
- •2. Compound sentence:
- •3. Complex sentence:
- •Unit 3 order of importance
- •Part 1 academic vocabulary
- •C a social occasion to which people are invited in order to eat, drink and enjoy themselves
- •A a way of dealing with a problem, an answer
- •Part 2 Coherence
- •The importance of stupidity in scientific research
- •Consumerism is 'eating the future'
- •Now fly me to the asteroids as well
- •Cohesion: Using Repetition and Reference Words to Emphasize Key Ideas in Your Writing
- •Repetition of Key Words
- •Rotation may solve cosmic mystery
- •Part 3 writing & speaking fundamentals
- •Article 1 shapefile technical description
- •Article 2
- •Article 3
- •Article 4 disposable containers for a disposable society
- •Article 5 knowledge, theory, and classification
- •The table of the useful vocabulary
- •Part 4: listening for academic purposes
- •Part 5:grammar review (punctuation)
- •Unit 4 matter of perspectives
- •Part 1 mistakes and negligence
- •Text a mistakes and negligence
- •(1) Changing Knowledge
- •(2) Discovering an Error
- •Part 2 Comparison and Contrast
- •Part 3 listening for academic purposes
- •Recognising lecture structure
- •1. Introducing
- •Unit 5 research misconduct
- •A Breach of Trust
- •Task 4. Study the second case.
- •Treatment of Misconduct by a Journal
- •Part 2 reading skills for academic study: note-taking
- •How to take notes
- •Part 3 preparing an abstract
- •Abstract 1 The hydrodynamics of dolphin drafting
- •Abstract 2 Recomputing Coverage Information to Assist Regression Testing
- •Abstract 3 Methods for determining best multispectral bands using hyper spectral data
- •Abstracts and introductions compared
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Text a The Biosphere: Its Definition, Evolution and Possible Future
- •Introduction
- •Text b The Environment: Problems and Solution
- •Text d The Biosphere: Natural, Man-Disturbed and Man-Initiated Cycles
- •Part 4 listening for academic purposes Giving background information
- •Showing importance/Emphasising
- •Unit 6 finding meaning in literature
- •The Selection of Data
- •Lexical & grammar review
- •Part 2 avoiding plagiarism
- •3. Plagiarism!
- •4. Plagiarism is bad!!
- •5. The importance of recognizing the plagiarism
- •Is It Plagiarism?
- •Part 3 evaluating sources
- •Sample mla Annotation
- •Sample apa Annotation
- •Task 22. Analyse an extract of the following annotated bibliography. Define its format.
- •Ethics in the physical sciences course outline and reference books
- •Philosophy
- •The life of a scientist
- •Ethics for scientists
- •A few cautionary notes on saving Web materials
- •Unit 7 writing & publishing Objectives
- •Part 1 sharing of research results
- •The Race to Publish
- •Part 2 how to read an academic article
- •Article 1
- •50 Million chemicals and counting
- •Article 2 sun is setting on incandescent era
- •How to read a scientific article
- •Part 3 how to write an academic article
- •Publication Practices
- •Restrictions on Peer Review and the Flow of Scientific Information
- •Guidelines for Writing a Scientific Article
- •Part 4 listening for academic purposes
Reading skills for academic study
When you start a university course you will have the same problem as every other student: how to get through the vast amount of reading given for each course. There is not enough time to read everything line by line. You need to be able to read efficiently. The way you read something will depend on your purpose. You need to read quickly to find relevant sections, then read carefully when you have found what you want. General efficient reading strategies such as scanning to find the book or chapter, skimming to get the gist and careful reading of important passages (Wallace, 1980, pp. 9-51) are necessary as well as vocabulary building exercises in your own area. Learning about how texts are structured can also help you to read more efficiently.
When you pick up a book for the first time, use the index, the preface, the blurb (publisher's comments on the cover), the table of contents and glance through it rapidly in order to identify the relevant sections. Look at the chapter titles. If the chapter seems useful, look at the headings and sub-headings. Quickly survey any useful chapters by reading the first few lines of each paragraph or by reading the first and last paragraphs.
When you think you have identified relevant sections, skim through them, read the conclusion perhaps, to be sure they are relevant.
Many students still rely on painstakingly slow word by word reading. It soon becomes clear to them, however, that they cannot read every word in the library.
You will need to practice:
Understanding meaning: deducing the meaning of unfamiliar words and word groups; relations within the sentence/complex sentences; implications - information not explicitly stated, conceptual meaning, e.g. comparison, purpose, cause, effect.
Understanding relationships in the text: - text structure; the communicative value of sentences; relations between the parts of a text through lexical and grammatical cohesion devices and indicators in discourse.
Understanding important points; distinguishing the main ideas from supporting detail; recognizing unsupported claims and claims supported by evidence - fact from opinion; extracting salient points to summarise; following an argument; reading critically/evaluating the text.
Reading efficiently: surveying the text, chapter/article, paragraphs, skimming for gist/general impression; scanning to locate specifically required information; reading quickly.
Efficient reading skills
Most of the time you will be reading serious academic texts books, journal articles and other academic texts. And often you will need to read your texts closely and carefully in order to understand specific information. However, you cannot read every word in every book in the library. It is useful therefore to learn reading techniques to help you quickly assess new material, decide if it is useful and which parts need to be read more carefully. It is also much easier to read the texts in detail when you have a rough idea of what a text is about - roughly what the author's purpose is, what is at the beginning of the text and what is at the end.
Surveying the text
Whatever you need to read, it is useful to have a quick look at it all first to get an idea of the layout of the text and what is included.
So first, skim through the text to see what is included and how it is organized. Your text might not contain all the following parts, but you can expect to find many of them. Look especially at the following parts.
Title (plus maybe a sub-title)
Sometimes, perhaps when you are in the library or when you are searching through a catalogue, you need to make quick decisions on the basis of the title, maybe including a sub-title, alone. You need to ask yourself whether the text is relevant for your purpose and what sort of information you expect to get from it.
Details about the author
It can be helpful to know about the author, what the author's academic position is, what experience the author has had, etc.
Date of publication and edition
This helps you to decide whether or not the book is up to date. It is worth checking whether or not there is a more recent edition.
Abstract
An abstract is usually a single paragraph at the beginning of the text. It normally summarizes the different sections of the text and draws attention to the main conclusions. Reading the abstract will help you to decide whether or not the text is relevant for your purpose.
Preface, Foreword or Introduction
In the preface, the author explains the purpose, organization, method of presentation, and whatever particular features of the book you should especially notice. Read it carefully. The author is explaining how to get the most out of the book.
Table of Contents
The contents will give you an overall view of the material in the book. Looking at this is a quick and easy way to survey the book to see if it includes the information you need.
Text
The layout of the text can help you. Textbooks are organized into chapter and chapters have titles and section headings. Very often each chapter will start with an introduction of what is in the chapter and a summary at the end.
References list or Bibliography
An alphabetical list of books and articles which have been referred to is included either at the end of each chapter or at the end of the book or article. Looking through the list of references will give you some idea of the author's background.
Index
One of the most important sections of any textbook is the index at the end. This is a fairly detailed alphabetical listing of all the major people, places, ideas, facts, or topics that the book contains, with page references. The index can give you information about the topics covered in the book and the amount of attention paid to them.
Blurb
The blurb is the publisher's description of what the book is about, usually on the back cover. But remember that the main purpose is to sell the book.
Reviewers' comments
These are usually on the back cover, but remember they are chosen by the publisher and therefore will probably be good.
(http://www.uefap.com/reading/readfram.htm)
Task 4. Use the information from the text to define the terms
Abstract acknowledgments
Appendices author
Blurb date of publication
details about author edition
foreword index
ISBN list of contents
list of references place of publication
preface publisher
reviewers' comments sub-title
title
Task 5. Take any text and see which of the following are included: title, sub-title, list of references, date of publication, place of publication, publisher, index, list of contents, edition, preface, foreword, appendices, blurb on the back cover, author, ISBN, abstract, details about author, acknowledgments, reviewers' comments.
Task 6. For questions 1 – 10, read the text below and decide which word A, B, C or D best fits each space There is an example at the beginning (0)