- •Государственное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования «Сибирский государственный аэрокосмический университет
- •Preface
- •Credits
- •Table of contents
- •Unit 1 what is science?
- •Part 1: principles of effective reading
- •Skimming: for getting the gist of something
- •Detailed reading: for extracting information accurately
- •Text a the discovery of X-rays
- •Text b call for tolerance towards some 'stem cell tourism'
- •Text c general guidelines
- •Part 2: oral or written?
- •Group 1
- •The academic audience
- •Levels of formality
- •The range of formality Technical → Formal → Informal → Colloquial
- •Part 3: what is science?
- •What is science?
- •Part 4: technology: pros & cons
- •Part 5:listening for academic purposes
- •The Computer Jungle
- •Unit 2 science to life: between the lines
- •Part 1: how effectively can you read?
- •Reading skills for academic study
- •Using the title
- •Part 2: paragraph development and topic sentences
- •Text a Science and Technology
- •Text c Research: Fundamental and Applied, and the Public
- •Part 3: scientists' brain drain Task 16. You are going to read a magazine article (Text a). Choose the most suitable heading from the list (1 – 9) for each part (a – j) of an article
- •Text a highlights of the north
- •Text b bio tech brain drain: are too many talented scientists leaving the southeast?
- •Part 4 reading skills for success
- •Reading skills for success: a guide to academic texts
- •Collocations
- •Part 5: listening for academic purposes
- •Going Digital: The Future of College Textbooks?
- •Part 6: grammar review sentence structure
- •1. Simple sentence:
- •2. Compound sentence:
- •3. Complex sentence:
- •Unit 3 order of importance
- •Part 1 academic vocabulary
- •C a social occasion to which people are invited in order to eat, drink and enjoy themselves
- •A a way of dealing with a problem, an answer
- •Part 2 Coherence
- •The importance of stupidity in scientific research
- •Consumerism is 'eating the future'
- •Now fly me to the asteroids as well
- •Cohesion: Using Repetition and Reference Words to Emphasize Key Ideas in Your Writing
- •Repetition of Key Words
- •Rotation may solve cosmic mystery
- •Part 3 writing & speaking fundamentals
- •Article 1 shapefile technical description
- •Article 2
- •Article 3
- •Article 4 disposable containers for a disposable society
- •Article 5 knowledge, theory, and classification
- •The table of the useful vocabulary
- •Part 4: listening for academic purposes
- •Part 5:grammar review (punctuation)
- •Unit 4 matter of perspectives
- •Part 1 mistakes and negligence
- •Text a mistakes and negligence
- •(1) Changing Knowledge
- •(2) Discovering an Error
- •Part 2 Comparison and Contrast
- •Part 3 listening for academic purposes
- •Recognising lecture structure
- •1. Introducing
- •Unit 5 research misconduct
- •A Breach of Trust
- •Task 4. Study the second case.
- •Treatment of Misconduct by a Journal
- •Part 2 reading skills for academic study: note-taking
- •How to take notes
- •Part 3 preparing an abstract
- •Abstract 1 The hydrodynamics of dolphin drafting
- •Abstract 2 Recomputing Coverage Information to Assist Regression Testing
- •Abstract 3 Methods for determining best multispectral bands using hyper spectral data
- •Abstracts and introductions compared
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Text a The Biosphere: Its Definition, Evolution and Possible Future
- •Introduction
- •Text b The Environment: Problems and Solution
- •Text d The Biosphere: Natural, Man-Disturbed and Man-Initiated Cycles
- •Part 4 listening for academic purposes Giving background information
- •Showing importance/Emphasising
- •Unit 6 finding meaning in literature
- •The Selection of Data
- •Lexical & grammar review
- •Part 2 avoiding plagiarism
- •3. Plagiarism!
- •4. Plagiarism is bad!!
- •5. The importance of recognizing the plagiarism
- •Is It Plagiarism?
- •Part 3 evaluating sources
- •Sample mla Annotation
- •Sample apa Annotation
- •Task 22. Analyse an extract of the following annotated bibliography. Define its format.
- •Ethics in the physical sciences course outline and reference books
- •Philosophy
- •The life of a scientist
- •Ethics for scientists
- •A few cautionary notes on saving Web materials
- •Unit 7 writing & publishing Objectives
- •Part 1 sharing of research results
- •The Race to Publish
- •Part 2 how to read an academic article
- •Article 1
- •50 Million chemicals and counting
- •Article 2 sun is setting on incandescent era
- •How to read a scientific article
- •Part 3 how to write an academic article
- •Publication Practices
- •Restrictions on Peer Review and the Flow of Scientific Information
- •Guidelines for Writing a Scientific Article
- •Part 4 listening for academic purposes
Guidelines for Writing a Scientific Article
Title: A title should summarize the main idea of the paper simply and, if possible, with style. It should be a concise statement of the main topic and should identify the actual variables or theoretical issues under investigation and the relationship between them. An example of a good title is "Effect of Transformed Letters on Reading Speed".
Author's Name & Institutional Affiliation: Every article has a byline consisting of two parts: the name of the author and the institution where the investigation was conducted (without the words by or from the).
Abstract: An abstract is a brief, comprehensive summary of the contents of the article; it allows readers to survey the content of an article and, like a title, is used by abstracting and information services to index and retrieve articles. A good abstract should be accurate, self-contained, concise and specific, non-evaluative, coherent, and readable.
An abstract of a report of an empirical study should describe in 100 to 120 words the following:
the problem under investigation, in one sentence if possible
the subjects, specifying pertinent characteristics, such as number, type, age, sex
the experimental method, including the apparatus, data-gathering procedures, complete test names, and complete generic names and dosage of any drugs
the findings, including statistical significance levels
the conclusions and implications of applications
Introduction: The introduction begins the body of the paper. The introduction addresses the specific problem under study and describes the research strategy. A clear introduction should
explain the point of the study or the problem being investigated
explain how the hypothesis and experimental design relate to the problem
explain the theoretical implications of the study and how it relates to previous work in the area
The introduction should discuss previous literature but should not contain an exhaustive historical review. Assume that the reader has knowledge in the field for which you are writing and does not require a complete digest. A scholarly review of earlier work provides an appropriate history and recognizes the priority of the work of others. Citation of and specific credit to relevant earlier works is part of the author's scholarly responsibility.
In the closing paragraphs of the introduction the purpose and rationale of the study should be made explicit. There should be a definition of the variables and a formal statement of the hypotheses. Adequately outlining the logic of the study at this stage will lend much to the clarity of the sections of the paper which are to follow.
Method: The Method section describes in detail how the study was conducted. Such a description enables the reader to evaluate the appropriateness of your methods and the reliability and the validity of your results. It also permits experienced investigators to replicate the study if they so desire.
It is both conventional and expedient to divide the Method section into labeled subsections. These usually include descriptions of the participants, the apparatus (or materials), and the procedure.
Participants: Appropriate identification of research participants is critical, particularly for assessing the results (making comparisons across groups), generalizing the findings, and making comparisons in replications, literature reviews, or secondary data analysis. The sample should be adequately described and it should be representative. Conclusions and interpretations should not go beyond what the sample warrants.
Major demographic characteristics such as sex and age should be reported. When particular demographic characteristics are experimental variables or are important for the interpretation of the results, describe the group specifically -- for example, in terms of racial and ethnic designation, national origin, level of education, health status, or language use.
Apparatus: The subsection on apparatus briefly describes the apparatus or materials used and their function in the experiment. Identify specialized equipment obtained from a commercial supplier by the model number of the equipment and the supplier's name and location. Complex or custom-made equipment may be illustrated by a drawing or a photograph.
Procedure: The subsection on procedure summarizes each step in the execution of the research. Include the instructions to the participants, the formation of the groups and the specific experimental manipulations. Describe randomization, counterbalancing, and other control features in the design.
Results: The Results section summarizes the data collected and the statistical treatment of them. First, briefly state the main results or findings. Then report the data in sufficient detail to justify the conclusions. Discussing the implications of the results is not appropriate here. Mention all relevant results, including those that run counter to the hypothesis. Do not include individual scores or raw data, with the exception, for example, of single-case designs or illustrative samples.
Discussion: After presenting the results, you are in a position to evaluate and interpret their implications, especially with respect to your original hypothesis. You are free to examine, interpret, and qualify the results, as well as to draw inferences from them. Emphasize any theoretical consequences of the results and the validity of your conclusions.
Open the discussion with a clear statement of the support or non-support for your original hypothesis. Similarities and differences between your results and the work of others should clarify and confirm your conclusions. Do not, however, simply reformulate and repeat points already made; each new statement should contribute to your position and to the reader's understanding of the problem. You may remark on certain shortcomings of the study, but do not dwell on every flaw. Negative results should be accepted as such without an undue attempt to explain them away. Avoid polemics, triviality, and weak theoretical comparisons in your discussion. In general, be guided by the following questions:
What have I contributed here?
How has my study helped to resolve the original problem?
What conclusions and theoretical implications can I draw from my study?
References: All citations in the manuscript must appear in the reference list, and all references must be cited in the text.
(Adapted from http://www.csic.cornell.edu/201/paperguidelines.htm)
Task 10. Exchange the prepared drafts with your peers.
Task 11. Write a peer-review to your partner’s draft; see whether all questions from the guidelines are answered.
Task 12. Consult the materials of UNIT 1 and your findings of the journal requirements, where you would like to send your article. Check, if your article meets their requirements. Correct it, if necessary. Present the final version to your peer’s review together with the journal requirements.
Task 13 Make a presentation of the prepared article.