17. Причастия

(The Participles)

Причастие – неличная форма глагола, которая соответствует в русском языке причастию и деепричастию.

Participle I (Причастие I) имеет две формы: Indefinite (Non-Perfect, Simple) и Perfect, Participle II – только одну форму.

Формы причастия

Формы	Действительный залог (Active)	Страдательный залог (Passive)
Indefinite (Non-Perfect, Simple)	asking (Ving)	being asked (being Ved/III)
Perfect	having asked (having Ved/III)	having been asked (having been Ved/III)
Participle II (Past)		asked (Ved/III)

Indefinite (Non-Perfect, Simple) Participle выражает действие одновременное действию глагола-сказуемого.

• Do you see the child waving the flag?

• That day we stayed at home watching TV.

• The houses being built in our town now are high.

Perfect Participle выражает действие? предшествующее действию глагола сказуемого.

• Having finished the letter, he went to the post office. – Закончив письмо, он пошел на почту.

• Having been packed, the parcel was taken to the post-office. – После того как посылку упаковали, ее отнесли на почту.

Примечание. Предшествующее действие не всегда выражается при помощи Perfect Participle с глаголами чувственного восприятия и движения: to see, to hear, to come, to arrive, to seize, to look, to turn, etc. В этом случае используется The Indefinite Participle (переводится на русский язык деепричастием совершенного вида).

• Hearing footsteps he rose and went to open the door. – Услышав шаги, он встал и пошел открывать дверь.

• Arriving at the station he immediately went to the platform. – Приехав на станцию, он немедленно пошел на платформу.

Функции причастий в предложении

1) Определение.

Participle I Indefenite Active в функции определения переводится на русский язык причастием с суффиксами -ущ, -ющ, -ащ, -ящ, -вш.

• The boy playing in the garden is my son. – Мальчик, играющий в саду, мой сын.

• They looked at the flying plane. – Они смотрели на летевший самолет.

Participle I Indefenite Passive в функции определения переводится на русский язык страдательным причастием на -мый, -щийся.

• The houses being built in our town now are high. – Дома, строящиеся сейчас в нашем городе, высокие.

Participle I Perfect (Active and Passive) в функции определения не употребляется.

Participle II переводится на русский язык причастиями, оканчивающимися на -мый, -нный, -тый.

• The article translated into English is very long. – Статья, переведенная на английский язык, очень большая.

• The subjects studied by our students are rather difficult. – Предметы, изучаемые нашими студентами, довольнo трудные.

• A broken cup lay on the table. – Разбитая чашка лежала на столе.

2) Обстоятельство.

Participle I Indefenite Active в функции обстоятельства переводится на русский язык деепричастиями не­совершенного вида на -а, -я (крича, идя), деепричастиями совершенного вида на -в,-я.

• Going home I met a friend of mine. – Идя домой, я встретил одного из своих друзей.

• Receiving a telegram he rang up his manager. – Получив телеграмму, он позвонил своему менеджеру.

В этой функции причастию может предшествовать союз “while” или “when”.

• When going home I met Mike. – Идя домой я встретил Майка. (Когда я шел, домой я встретил Майка.

Participle I Indefenite Passive в функции обстоятельства переводится на русский язык при помощи придаточного предложения причины или времени с глаголом сказуемым в страдательном залоге или страдательным деепричастием (being asked – будучи спрошенным).

• Being asked whether he intended to return soon, he replied that he would be away for about three months. – Когда его спросили, намерен ли он скоро возвратиться, он ответил, что будет отсутствовать около трех месяцев.

Participle I Perfect Active в функции обстоятельства переводится на русский язык деепричастием совершенного вида на -в, -я.

• Having finished my work I went home. – Закончив работу, я отправился домой.

• Having come home she began cooking supper. – Придя домой, она начала готовить ужин.

Participle I Perfect Passive в функции обстоятельства переводится на русский язык придаточным предложением времени или причины.

• Having been discussed the book was sent to the publishing house. – После того, как книга была обсуждена (когда), она была отослана в из­дательство.

Participle II в функции обстоятельства переводится на русский язык при помощи придаточного предложения. В этой функции причастию могут предшествовать союзы when, while, if, as, though, although.

• Asked whether he intended to return soon, he replied that he would be away for about three months. – Когда его спросили, намерен ли он скоро возвратиться, он ответил, что будет отсутствовать около трех месяцев.

• Though expected on Sunday he arrived on Monday. – Хотя его ожидали в воскресенье, он приехал в понедельник.

• Ice melts when heated. – Лед тает, когда его нагревают.

• If asked, answer that you are busy. – Если спросят, ответь, что ты занят.

Причастие II (Participle II) употребляется также в конструкции “to have + дополнение + Participle II” и означает, что действие совершается не лицом, обозначенным подлежащим, а кем-то другим для него.

• He had his hair cut yesterday. – Ему подстригли волосы вчера.

• Jill had the roof repaired yesterday. – Джил отремонтировали крышу вчера.

• We are having the house painted at the moment. – Нам красят дом сейчас.

• I want to have my photo taken. – Я хочу сфотографироваться.

Exercises

Ex. 1. Translate into Russian, point out the Participles.

A

1. She comforted the crying child. 2. He stood watching the match. 3. Returning from the club I met Sir Brown. 4. While studying at the university I read a lot of books. 5. Everybody looked at the dancing girl. 6. Entering the room, she turned on the light. 7. Hearing the sounds of music we stopped talking.

B

1. Having finished my work, I went home. 2. Having had his dinner, he rang me up. 3. Having spoken to the manager, he made a decision. 4. Having written his book, he went to the country. 5. Having bought this car, he was very happy. 6. Having graduated from the university, she began to work in a large firm.

C

1. Being asked by the teacher, the boy couldn’t answer. 2. Being told about the decision, he was very glad. 3. Being called he didn’t want to answer the phone. 4. Being congratulated, Helen was very glad. 5. Being asked he didn’t know what to answer. 6. Being told of his arrival, I went to see him.

D

1. Having been fined, he never crossed the street in the wrong place. 2. Having been awarded, he took a holiday. 3. Having been rebuked, the boy began to behave better. 4. Having been defeated, the enemy retreated. 5. Having been put to a wrong place, the book couldn’t be found. 6. Having been advised by the doctor to go to the south, she decided to spend her leave in Sochi.

E

1. We stopped before a shut door. 2. They saw overturned tables and chairs and pieces of broken glass all over the room. 3. This is a church built many years ago. 4. The books written by Dickens give us a realistic picture of the 19^th century England. 5. The coat bought last year is too small for me now. 6. Nobody saw the things kept in that box. 7. When asked, he answered that he couldn’t come.

Ex. 2. Choose Participle I or Participle II.

1. a) The house (surrounding, surrounded) by tall trees is very beautiful. b) The wall (surrounding, surrounded) the house was very high. 3. a) Who is that boy (doing, done) his homework at that table? b) The exercises (doing, done) by the pupils were easy. 4. a) The girl (washing, washed) the floor is my sister. b) The floor (washing, washed) by Helen looked very clean. 5. a) We listened to the girls (singing, sung) Russian folk songs. b) We listened to the Russian folk songs (sing­ing, sung) by the girls. 6. Do you know the girl (playing, played) in the garden? 7. The book (writing, written) by this scientist is very interesting. 8. Translate the words (writing, written) on the blackboard. 9. We could not see the sun (covering, covered) by dark clouds. 10. The (losing, lost) book was found at last. 11. (Going, gone) along the street, I met Mary and Ann.12. Read the (translating, translated) sentences once more. 13. Name some places (visiting, visited) by you last year. 14. I picked up the pencil (lying, lain) on the floor. 15. She was reading the book (buying, bought) the day before. 16. Yesterday we were at a conference (organiz­ing, organized) by the pupils of the 10th form.

Ex. 3. Change the sentences using Participle I or Participle II.

Example:

Do you know the woman who is coming toward us? - Do you know the woman coming toward us?

I come from a city that is located in the southern part of the country. - I come from a city located in the southern part of the country.

1. The man who is talking to John is from Korea. 2. The ideas which are presented in that book are interesting. 3. The people who are waiting for the bus in the rain are getting wet. 4. The children who attend that school receive a good education. 5. The fence which surrounds our house is made of wood. 6. They live in a house that was built in 1890. 7. We have an apartment which overlooks the park. 8. Be sure to follow the instructions that are given at the top of the page. 9. The conclusion which is presented in that book states that most of the automobiles which are produced by American industry have some defect. 10. The photographs which were published in the newspaper were extraordinary. 11. The psychologists who study the nature of sleep have made important discoveries. 12. He read "The Old Man and the Sea", a novel which was written by Ernest Hemin­gway.

Ex. 4. Transform the sentences using Participle I Perfect.

Example: We finished our work. We went home. – Having finished our work, we went home.

1. We bought our tickets. Then we went into the theatre. 2. They had dinner. Then they continued on their journey. 3. She did all her shopping. Then she went for a cup of coffee. 4.1 finished the washing up, then I sat down and watched TV. 5. He typed the letters, then he put them all in envelopes. 6. I did all the housework, then I went out for a walk. 7. He got out of bed, then he had a shower. 8. She locked all the doors, then she went to bed.

Ex. 5. Open the brackets using Participle I Indefinite or Perfect.

1. (to do) his homework, he was thinking hard. 2. (to do) his homework, he went for a walk. 3. (to sell) fruit, he looked back from time to time, hop­ing to see his friends, 4. (to sell) all the fruit, he went to see his friends. 5. (to eat) all the potatoes, she drank a cup of tea. 6. (to drink) tea, she scalded her lips. 7. (to run) in the yard, I fell and hurt my knee. 8. (to look) through some magazines, I came across an interesting article about UFOs. 9. (to write) out and (to learn) all the new words, he was able to translate the text easily. 10. (to live) in the south of our country, he cannot enjoy the beauty of St.Petersburg’s White Nights in summer. 11. (to talk) to her neighbour in the street, she didn’t notice how a thief stole her money. 12. (to read) the story, she closed the book and put it on the shelf. 13. (to buy) some juice and cakes, we went home. 14. (to sit) near the fire, he felt very warm.

Ex. 6. Answer the questions in the way shown using “to have + object + Participle II.

Example: "Did Ann make that dress herself?" - "No, she had it made."

1. "Did you cut your hair yourself?" "No, I ..." 2. "Did they paint the house themselves?" "No, they ..." 3. "Did Jim cut down that tree himself?" "No, ..." 4. "Did Sue repair the car herself?" "No, ..." 5. "Did you tune the piano yourself?" "No, ..."

Ex. 7. Complete the sentences using “to have + object + Participle II.

Example:

We (the house/paint) at the moment. - We are having the house painted at the moment.

(you/your hair/cut) last week? - Did you have your hair cut last week?

1. Your hair is too long. I think you should (it/cut). 2. How often (you/your car/service)? 3. The engine in Tom's car couldn't be repaired, so he had to (a new engine/fit) 4. (you/your news­paper deliver) or do you go to the shop to buy it? 5. A: What are those workmen doing in your garden? B: Oh, I (a swimming pool/build). 6. Is it true that many years ago he (his portrait/paint) by a famous artist? 7. Are you going to (these shoes/repair) or shall I throw them away? 8. I must (my glasses/mend). They keep falling off. 9. Where do you (your hair/do)?

Ex. 8. Read the text, find all the Participles, retell the text.

On Christmas Eve

One afternoon just before Christmas an old gentleman was walking through the city centre. The gaily illuminated shops were packed with good things and crowded with cheerful shop­pers. Suddenly in the middle of the crowd he noticed a dirty little boy sitting on the pavement, weeping bitterly. When the kind old man asked him why he was crying, the little boy told him that he had lost a ten penny coin that his uncle had given him. Thrusting his hand into his pocket, the old man pulled out a handful of coins. He picked out a shiny, new ten penny coin and handed it to the child. "Thank you very much," said the little boy, and, drying his eyes, he cheered up at once. An hour or so later the old man was making his way back home by the same route. To his astonishment he saw the same dirty little boy in precisely the same spot, crying just as bitterly as before. He went up to the boy and asked him if he had lost the ten pence he had given him as well. The little boy told him that actually he had not lost the second coin, but he still could not find his first ten pence. "If I could find my own ten pence," he said tearfully, "I'd have twenty pence now."

Ex. 9. Revision of the non-finite forms of the verb. Choose the right variant.

1. They made me … that very day.

a) come b) to come c) coming d) have come

2. I don’t feel like … to the movies tonight.

a) go b) to go c) going d) being gone

3. The Sailors suddenly saw a … light far away.

a) blinking b) blink c) to blink d) blinked

4. They are said … at the pilot project for two months.

a) to work b) working c) having been worked d) to have been working

5. Holmes remained for a moment or two without … a word.

a) saying b) to say c) say d) said

6. The wall … the garden was very old.

a) surrounded b) surround c) to surround d) surrounding

7. … everything, we began packing.

a) To discuss b) Having discussed c) Discussed d) Discuss

8. The town … for the Championship needs a new sport palace.

a) choosing b) chosen c) to choose d) choose

9. Do you know the people … next door?

a) living b) lived c) to live d) live

10. We were in the church … in the sixteenth century.

a) building b) to build c) built d) build

11. He is reported … 1000$.

a) to win b) winning c) to have won d) having won

12. We knew him … a good sportsman.

a) to be b) be c) being d) was

13. It was such a funny story that I couldn’t stop … .

a) to laugh b) laugh c) laughed d) laughing

14. This canned food is not worth … .

a) to eat b) eat c) eating d) ate

15. He gave up … .

a) to smoke b) smoke c) smoking d) smoked

16. Henry … to have been smoking for 20 years.

a) say b) is said c) are said d) said

17. Robert denied … the man before.

a) having seen b) see c) have seen d) to see

18. Jack insisted … leaving immediately.

a) on b) in c) of d) --

19. The detectives finally succeeded … the mystery.

a) on b) in c) of d) --

20. I had my car … yesterday.

a) to repair b) repairing c) repaired d) repair.