- •Preface to the Second Edition
- •Preface to the First Edition
- •ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
- •Contents
- •1.1 EXERCISES, QUESTIONS, AND PROBLEMS
- •2.1 INTRODUCTION
- •2.2 CORROSION BY LIQUIDS
- •2.2.1 Introduction
- •2.2.2 Crystalline Materials
- •Attack by Molten Glasses
- •Attack by Molten Salts
- •Electrochemical Corrosion
- •Attack by Molten Metals
- •Attack by Aqueous Media
- •2.2.3 Glasses
- •Bulk Glasses
- •Fiber Glass
- •Bioactive Glass
- •2.3 CORROSION BY GAS
- •2.3.1 Crystalline Materials
- •2.3.2 Vacuum
- •2.3.3 Glasses
- •2.4 CORROSION BY SOLID
- •2.5 SURFACE EFFECTS
- •2.5.1 Surface Charge
- •2.5.2 Porosity and Surface Area
- •2.5.3 Surface Energy
- •2.6 ACID/BASE EFFECTS
- •2.7 THERMODYNAMICS
- •2.7.1 Mathematical Representation
- •2.7.2 Graphical Representation
- •2.8 KINETICS
- •2.9 DIFFUSION
- •2.10 SUMMARY OF IMPORTANT CONCEPTS
- •2.11 ADDITIONAL RELATED READING
- •2.12 EXERCISES, QUESTIONS, AND PROBLEMS
- •REFERENCES
- •3.1 INTRODUCTION
- •3.2 LABORATORY TEST VS. FIELD TRIALS
- •3.3 SAMPLE SELECTION AND PREPARATION
- •3.4 SELECTION OF TEST CONDITIONS
- •3.5 CHARACTERIZATION METHODS
- •3.5.1 Microstructure and Phase Analysis
- •Visual Observation
- •Optical Microscopy
- •X-ray Diffractometry
- •Transmission Electron Microscopy
- •3.5.2 Chemical Analysis
- •Bulk Analysis
- •Surface Analysis
- •3.5.3 Physical Property Measurement
- •Gravimetry and Density
- •Porosity-Surface Area
- •Mechanical Property Tests
- •3.6 DATA REDUCTION
- •3.7 ADDITIONAL RELATED READING
- •3.8 EXERCISES, QUESTIONS, AND PROBLEMS
- •REFERENCES
- •4.1 INTRODUCTION
- •4.2 ASTM STANDARDS
- •4.2.16 Permeability of Refractories, C-577
- •4.2.26 Lead and Cadmium Extracted from Glazed Ceramic Surfaces, C-738
- •4.3 NONSTANDARD TESTS
- •4.4 ADDITIONAL RELATED READING
- •4.5 EXERCISES, QUESTIONS, AND PROBLEMS
- •REFERENCES
- •5.1 ATTACK BY LIQUIDS
- •5.1.1 Attack by Glasses
- •Alumina-Containing Materials
- •Zircon
- •Zirconia
- •Carbides and Nitrides
- •5.1.2 Attack by Aqueous Solutions
- •Alumina
- •Silica and Silicates
- •Concrete, Cement, Limestone, Marble, and Clay
- •Zirconia-Containing Materials
- •Superconductors
- •Titanates and Titania
- •Transition Metal Oxides
- •Carbides and Nitrides
- •5.1.3 Attack by Molten Salts
- •Oxides
- •Carbides and Nitrides
- •Superconductors
- •5.1.4 Attack by Molten Metals
- •5.2 ATTACK BY GASES
- •5.2.1 Oxides
- •Alumina
- •Alumino-Silicatcs
- •Magnesia-Containing Materials
- •Zirconia
- •5.2.2 Nitrides and Carbides
- •Silicon Nitride
- •Other Nitrides
- •Silicon Carbide
- •Other Carbides
- •5.2.3 Borides
- •5.2.4 Silicides
- •5.2.5 Superconductors
- •5.3 ATTACK BY SOLIDS
- •5.3.1 Silica
- •5.3.2 Magnesia
- •5.3.3 Superconductors
- •5.3.4 Attack by Metals
- •5.4 ADDITIONAL RELATED READING
- •5.5 EXERCISES, QUESTIONS, AND PROBLEMS
- •REFERENCES
- •6.1 INTRODUCTION
- •6.2 SILICATE GLASSES
- •6.3 BOROSILICATE GLASSES
- •6.4 LEAD-CONTAINING GLASSES
- •6.5 PHOSPHORUS-CONTAINING GLASSES
- •6.6 FLUORIDE GLASSES
- •6.7 CHALCOGENIDE-HALIDE GLASSES
- •6.8 ADDITIONAL RELATED READING
- •6.9 EXERCISES, QUESTIONS, AND PROBLEMS
- •REFERENCES
- •7.1 INTRODUCTION
- •7.2 REINFORCEMENT
- •7.2.1 Fibers
- •7.2.2 Fiber Coatings or Interphases
- •7.2.3 Particulates
- •7.3 CERAMIC MATRIX COMPOSITES
- •7.3.1 Oxide-Matrix Composites
- •Al2O3-Matrix Composites
- •Other Oxide-Matrix Composites
- •7.3.2 Nonoxide-Matrix Composites
- •Si3N4 Matrix Composites
- •SiC-Matrix Composites
- •Carbon-Carbon Composites
- •Other Nonoxide Matrix Composites
- •7.4 METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES
- •7.5 POLYMER MATRIX COMPOSITES
- •7.6 ADDITIONAL RELATED READINGS
- •7.7 EXERCISES, QUESTIONS, AND PROBLEMS
- •REFERENCES
- •8.1 INTRODUCTION
- •8.2 MECHANISMS
- •8.2.1 Crystalline Materials
- •8.2.2 Glassy Materials
- •8.3 DEGRADATION OF SPECIFIC MATERIALS
- •8.3.1 Degradation by Oxidation
- •Carbides and Nitrides
- •Oxynitrides
- •8.3.2 Degradation by Moisture
- •8.3.3 Degradation by Other Atmospheres
- •Carbides and Nitrides
- •Zirconia-Containing Materials
- •8.3.4 Degradation by Molten Salts
- •Carbides and Nitrides
- •Zirconia-Containing Materials
- •8.3.5 Degradation by Molten Metals
- •8.3.6 Degradation by Aqueous Solutions
- •Bioactive Materials
- •Nitrides
- •Glassy Materials
- •8.4 ADDITIONAL RELATED READING
- •8.5 EXERCISES, QUESTIONS, AND PROBLEMS
- •REFERENCES
- •9.1 INTRODUCTION
- •9.2 CRYSTALLINE MATERIALS—OXIDES
- •9.2.1 Property Optimization
- •9.2.2 External Methods of Improvement
- •9.3 CRYSTALLINE MATERIALS—NONOXIDES
- •9.3.1 Property Improvement
- •9.3.2 External Methods of Improvement
- •9.4 GLASSY MATERIALS
- •9.4.1 Property Optimization
- •9.4.2 External Methods of Improvement
- •REFERENCES
- •Glossary
- •Epilog
Methods of Corrosion Analysis |
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3.6 DATA REDUCTION
The corrosion data that have been reported in the literature have been in many forms. This makes comparison between various studies difficult unless one takes the time to convert all the results to a common basis. Those working in the area of leaching of nuclear waste glasses have probably made the most progress in standardizing the reporting of data; however, a major effort is still needed to include the entire field of corrosion of ceramics. The work and efforts of organizations like ASTM can aid in providing standard test procedures and standard data reporting methods. These are briefly described in Chap. 4.
3.7 ADDITIONAL RELATED READING
Riga A.T., Patterson G.H., Eds.; Oxidative Behavior of Materials by Thermal Analytical Techniques; ASTM STP 1326, ASTM: West Conshohocken, Pa., 1997; 247 pp.
Gibson, A.S.; LaFemina, J.P. Structure of Mineral Surfaces. In Physics and Chemistry of Mineral Surfaces; Brady, P.V., Ed.; CRC Press, NY, 1996, 1–62.
Zipperian, D.C. Microstructural Analysis Using Image Analysis. In
Ceramic Transaction, Advances in Ceramic-Matrix Composites;
Bansal, N.P., Ed.; Am. Ceram. Soc., Westerville, OH, 1993; Vol. 38, 631–651.
Mason, C.W.; Handbook of Chemical Microscopy, 4th Ed.; John Wiley Sons, Inc.: New York, 1983; Vol. 1.
Cherry, R.J., Ed.; New Techniques of Optical Microscopy and Microspectroscopy, Topics in Molecular and Structural Biology;
Neidle, S., Fuller, W., Series Eds.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 1991.
Chinn, R.E., Ed.; Ceramography: Preparation and Analysis of Ceramic Microstructures. ASM International & The Amer. Ceram. Soc. 2002, 214 pp.
Copyright © 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc.
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Chapter 3 |
3.8EXERCISES, QUESTIONS, AND PROBLEMS
1.List all the possible techniques that one may use to analyze a corroded sample and the type of information obtained.
2.Describe the differences between laboratory tests and field trials.
3.List the various parameters of a laboratory test that can be scaled from the actual environment and list those that cannot. How will this affect the overall interpretation of the results of a lab test?
4.Discuss the errors that may arise when performing an accelerated laboratory test. In addition, what characteristics of a small lab sample lead to errors compared to the full-size installation?
5.Calculate the increased interface surface exposed by polishing a sample at a 45° taper, if the original perpendicular cross section had a 1-µm thick interface.
6.What parameters are important in the grinding and polishing of a sample and how do they affect the final result?
7.Discuss the information that one may obtain by examining a corroded sample with the unaided human eye.
8.Discuss the importance of the surface area of the corroded sample to the volume of the corroding liquid.
9.How does an interrupted weight change test vs. temperature interfere with the results? How can this problem be overcome?
REFERENCES
3.1.Weisser, M.; Bange, K. Sophisticated methods available to analyze glass corrosion. Glass Res. 2000, 9 (2), 16–17, 21.
3.2.Wachtman, J.B. Characterization of Materials; ButterworthHeinemann: Boston, 1993.
3.3.Brady, P.V.; House, W.A. Surface-controlled dissolution and growth of minerals. In Physics and Chemistry of Mineral
Copyright © 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc.
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Surfaces; Brady, P.V., Ed.; CRC Press: New York, 1996; 225–
305.Chp. 4
3.4.Chanat, S. Preparation techniques for analysis of fiber reinforced ceramic matrix composites. In Ceramic Transaction, Advances in Ceramic-Matrix Composites; Bansal, N.P., Ed.; Am. Ceram. Soc.: Westerville, OH, 1993; Vol. 38, 603–615.
3.5.Damgaard, M.J.; Geels, K. High capacity materialographic specimen preparation. Struers J.Materialogr. 2001; 7–11. Structure 38.
3.6.Macchesney, J.B.; Rosenberg, P.E. The methods of phase equilibria determination and their associated problems . In
Phase Diagrams: Materials Science and Technology; Alper, A.M., Ed.; Refractory Materials; Margrave, J.L., Ed.; Academic Press: New York, 1970; Vol. 6–1, 113–165. Chp. 3.
3.7.Eriksson, G. Thermodynamic studies of high temperature equilibria. XII. SOLGASMIX, A computer program for calculation of equilibrium compositions in multiphase systems. Chem. Scr. 1975, 8, 100–103.
3.8.Cherry, R.J., Ed.; New Techniques of Optical Microscopy and Microspectroscopy; Topics in Molecular and Structural Biology; Neidle, S., Fuller, W., Series Eds.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 1991.
3.9.Alexander, L.; Klug, H.P. Basic aspects of X-ray absorption. Anal. Chem. 1948, 20, 886–889.
3.10.Chung, F.H. Quantitative interpretation of X-ray diffraction patterns of mixtures: I. Matrix-flushing method for quantitative multicomponent analysis. J. Appl. Cryst. 1974, 7, 519–525.
3.11.Dickson, M.J. The significance of texture parameters in phase analysis by X-ray diffraction. J. Appl. Cryst. 1969, 2, 176–180.
3.12.Brime, C. The accuracy of X-ray diffraction methods for determining mineral mixtures. Mineral. Mag. 1985, 49 (9), 531–538.
3.13.Schmidt, C.; Rickers, K. In-situ determination of mineral solubilities in fluids using a hydrothermal diamond-anvil cell and SR-XRF: Solubility of AgCl in water. Am. Mineral. 2003,
88(2–3), 288–292.
Copyright © 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc.
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3.14.Lodding, A. Characterization of corroded ceramics by SIMS. In Corrosion of Glass, Ceramics and Ceramic Superconductors;
Clark, D.E., Zoitos, B.K., Eds.; Noyes Publications: Park Ridge, NJ, 1992; 103–121. Chp. 4.
3.15.Gibson, A.S.; LaFemina, J.P. Structure of mineral surfaces. In Physics and Chemistry of Mineral Surfaces; Brady, P.V., Ed.; CRC Press: New York, 1996; 1–62.
3.16.Exner, H.E., Hougardy, H.P., Eds.; Quantitative Image Analysis of Microstructures; DGM Informationsgesellschaft mbH: Germany, 1988, 235 pp.
Copyright © 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc.