- •Preface to the Second Edition
- •Preface to the First Edition
- •ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
- •Contents
- •1.1 EXERCISES, QUESTIONS, AND PROBLEMS
- •2.1 INTRODUCTION
- •2.2 CORROSION BY LIQUIDS
- •2.2.1 Introduction
- •2.2.2 Crystalline Materials
- •Attack by Molten Glasses
- •Attack by Molten Salts
- •Electrochemical Corrosion
- •Attack by Molten Metals
- •Attack by Aqueous Media
- •2.2.3 Glasses
- •Bulk Glasses
- •Fiber Glass
- •Bioactive Glass
- •2.3 CORROSION BY GAS
- •2.3.1 Crystalline Materials
- •2.3.2 Vacuum
- •2.3.3 Glasses
- •2.4 CORROSION BY SOLID
- •2.5 SURFACE EFFECTS
- •2.5.1 Surface Charge
- •2.5.2 Porosity and Surface Area
- •2.5.3 Surface Energy
- •2.6 ACID/BASE EFFECTS
- •2.7 THERMODYNAMICS
- •2.7.1 Mathematical Representation
- •2.7.2 Graphical Representation
- •2.8 KINETICS
- •2.9 DIFFUSION
- •2.10 SUMMARY OF IMPORTANT CONCEPTS
- •2.11 ADDITIONAL RELATED READING
- •2.12 EXERCISES, QUESTIONS, AND PROBLEMS
- •REFERENCES
- •3.1 INTRODUCTION
- •3.2 LABORATORY TEST VS. FIELD TRIALS
- •3.3 SAMPLE SELECTION AND PREPARATION
- •3.4 SELECTION OF TEST CONDITIONS
- •3.5 CHARACTERIZATION METHODS
- •3.5.1 Microstructure and Phase Analysis
- •Visual Observation
- •Optical Microscopy
- •X-ray Diffractometry
- •Transmission Electron Microscopy
- •3.5.2 Chemical Analysis
- •Bulk Analysis
- •Surface Analysis
- •3.5.3 Physical Property Measurement
- •Gravimetry and Density
- •Porosity-Surface Area
- •Mechanical Property Tests
- •3.6 DATA REDUCTION
- •3.7 ADDITIONAL RELATED READING
- •3.8 EXERCISES, QUESTIONS, AND PROBLEMS
- •REFERENCES
- •4.1 INTRODUCTION
- •4.2 ASTM STANDARDS
- •4.2.16 Permeability of Refractories, C-577
- •4.2.26 Lead and Cadmium Extracted from Glazed Ceramic Surfaces, C-738
- •4.3 NONSTANDARD TESTS
- •4.4 ADDITIONAL RELATED READING
- •4.5 EXERCISES, QUESTIONS, AND PROBLEMS
- •REFERENCES
- •5.1 ATTACK BY LIQUIDS
- •5.1.1 Attack by Glasses
- •Alumina-Containing Materials
- •Zircon
- •Zirconia
- •Carbides and Nitrides
- •5.1.2 Attack by Aqueous Solutions
- •Alumina
- •Silica and Silicates
- •Concrete, Cement, Limestone, Marble, and Clay
- •Zirconia-Containing Materials
- •Superconductors
- •Titanates and Titania
- •Transition Metal Oxides
- •Carbides and Nitrides
- •5.1.3 Attack by Molten Salts
- •Oxides
- •Carbides and Nitrides
- •Superconductors
- •5.1.4 Attack by Molten Metals
- •5.2 ATTACK BY GASES
- •5.2.1 Oxides
- •Alumina
- •Alumino-Silicatcs
- •Magnesia-Containing Materials
- •Zirconia
- •5.2.2 Nitrides and Carbides
- •Silicon Nitride
- •Other Nitrides
- •Silicon Carbide
- •Other Carbides
- •5.2.3 Borides
- •5.2.4 Silicides
- •5.2.5 Superconductors
- •5.3 ATTACK BY SOLIDS
- •5.3.1 Silica
- •5.3.2 Magnesia
- •5.3.3 Superconductors
- •5.3.4 Attack by Metals
- •5.4 ADDITIONAL RELATED READING
- •5.5 EXERCISES, QUESTIONS, AND PROBLEMS
- •REFERENCES
- •6.1 INTRODUCTION
- •6.2 SILICATE GLASSES
- •6.3 BOROSILICATE GLASSES
- •6.4 LEAD-CONTAINING GLASSES
- •6.5 PHOSPHORUS-CONTAINING GLASSES
- •6.6 FLUORIDE GLASSES
- •6.7 CHALCOGENIDE-HALIDE GLASSES
- •6.8 ADDITIONAL RELATED READING
- •6.9 EXERCISES, QUESTIONS, AND PROBLEMS
- •REFERENCES
- •7.1 INTRODUCTION
- •7.2 REINFORCEMENT
- •7.2.1 Fibers
- •7.2.2 Fiber Coatings or Interphases
- •7.2.3 Particulates
- •7.3 CERAMIC MATRIX COMPOSITES
- •7.3.1 Oxide-Matrix Composites
- •Al2O3-Matrix Composites
- •Other Oxide-Matrix Composites
- •7.3.2 Nonoxide-Matrix Composites
- •Si3N4 Matrix Composites
- •SiC-Matrix Composites
- •Carbon-Carbon Composites
- •Other Nonoxide Matrix Composites
- •7.4 METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES
- •7.5 POLYMER MATRIX COMPOSITES
- •7.6 ADDITIONAL RELATED READINGS
- •7.7 EXERCISES, QUESTIONS, AND PROBLEMS
- •REFERENCES
- •8.1 INTRODUCTION
- •8.2 MECHANISMS
- •8.2.1 Crystalline Materials
- •8.2.2 Glassy Materials
- •8.3 DEGRADATION OF SPECIFIC MATERIALS
- •8.3.1 Degradation by Oxidation
- •Carbides and Nitrides
- •Oxynitrides
- •8.3.2 Degradation by Moisture
- •8.3.3 Degradation by Other Atmospheres
- •Carbides and Nitrides
- •Zirconia-Containing Materials
- •8.3.4 Degradation by Molten Salts
- •Carbides and Nitrides
- •Zirconia-Containing Materials
- •8.3.5 Degradation by Molten Metals
- •8.3.6 Degradation by Aqueous Solutions
- •Bioactive Materials
- •Nitrides
- •Glassy Materials
- •8.4 ADDITIONAL RELATED READING
- •8.5 EXERCISES, QUESTIONS, AND PROBLEMS
- •REFERENCES
- •9.1 INTRODUCTION
- •9.2 CRYSTALLINE MATERIALS—OXIDES
- •9.2.1 Property Optimization
- •9.2.2 External Methods of Improvement
- •9.3 CRYSTALLINE MATERIALS—NONOXIDES
- •9.3.1 Property Improvement
- •9.3.2 External Methods of Improvement
- •9.4 GLASSY MATERIALS
- •9.4.1 Property Optimization
- •9.4.2 External Methods of Improvement
- •REFERENCES
- •Glossary
- •Epilog
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Chapter 8 |
different liquids, and found them to increase in the order dry oil, heptane, acetonitrile, and water. The fact that crack growth in acetonotrile was greater than in heptane suggested that it was not the presence of dissolved water in the liquids but the acetonitrile molecule that led to the enhanced crack growth.
It should be obvious that stress corrosion cracking is a rather complex phenomenon, and that its evaluation is not as straightforward as it might first appear. Exactly how crack tip blunting increases strength is still unclear. Decreases in strength are generally attributed to bond rupture at the crack tip caused by the presence of water molecules; however, it has been shown that other molecules (i.e., acetonitrile) act in a similar manner. Life-time predictions are based upon the selection of the proper crack velocity equation, and it has been shown that it is best to use an equation that represents the data of several loading conditions. In addition, the equation selected most likely will not be unique to all environments.
8.4 ADDITIONAL RELATED READING
Advances in Ceramics, Fractography of Glasses and Ceramics, Varner, J.R., Frechette, V.D., Eds.; Am. Ceram. Soc., Westerville, OH, 1988; Vol. 22, 442 pp.
Ceramic Transactions, Fractography of Glasses and Ceramics II,
Frechette, V.D., Varner, J.R., Eds.; Am. Ceram. Soc., Westerville, OH, 1991; Vol. 17, 548 pp.
Fracture in Ceramic Materials, Evans A.G., Ed.; Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1984, 420 pp.
8.5EXERCISES, QUESTIONS, AND PROBLEMS
1.Describe stress corrosion cracking and the consequences that relate to engineering materials.
2.Describe the differences among static, dynamic, delayed, and cyclic fatigue.
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3.How does stress corrosion cracking relate to the type of fatigue listed in question #2?
4.How does one determine whether to use the power law or the exponential form to represent best the static fatigue lifetimes?
5.Discuss how cracks may propagate at a stress level less than that of the critical one for crack growth?
6.Discuss the three regions of behavior related to crack velocity and applied force for glassy materials. What role does relative humidity play?
7.Explain how Si3N4 may decrease in strength (room temperature) and SiC increase in strength (room temperature) after being exposed to air art 1300°C.
8.Discuss the differences that one may find when determining strengths at temperature vs. at room temperature and why this difference occurs.
9.Is it possible for an oxidative corrosion reaction to produce zero weight gain or loss? Explain.
10.Discuss the problems that one may encounter when extrapolating data to extended lifetimes.
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8.5.Cao, H.C.; Dalgleish, B.J.; Hsueh, C-H.; Evans, A.G. Hightemperature stress corrosion cracking in ceramics. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 1987, 70 (4), 257–264.
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8.19.Freiman, S.W. Effect of alcohols on crack propagation in glass. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 1974, 57 (8), 350–353.
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8.29.Govila, R.K.; Mangels, J.A.; Baer, J.R. Fracture of yttriadoped, sintered reaction-bonded silicon nitride. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 1985, 68 (7), 413–418.
8.30.Kim, H-E.; Moorhead, A.J. High-temperature gaseous corrosion of Si3N4 in H2–H2O and Ar–O2 environments. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 1990, 73 (10), 3007–3014.
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