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Файл:Corrosion of Ceramic and Composite Materials.pdf
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- •Preface to the Second Edition
- •Preface to the First Edition
- •ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
- •Contents
- •1.1 EXERCISES, QUESTIONS, AND PROBLEMS
- •2.1 INTRODUCTION
- •2.2 CORROSION BY LIQUIDS
- •2.2.1 Introduction
- •2.2.2 Crystalline Materials
- •Attack by Molten Glasses
- •Attack by Molten Salts
- •Electrochemical Corrosion
- •Attack by Molten Metals
- •Attack by Aqueous Media
- •2.2.3 Glasses
- •Bulk Glasses
- •Fiber Glass
- •Bioactive Glass
- •2.3 CORROSION BY GAS
- •2.3.1 Crystalline Materials
- •2.3.2 Vacuum
- •2.3.3 Glasses
- •2.4 CORROSION BY SOLID
- •2.5 SURFACE EFFECTS
- •2.5.1 Surface Charge
- •2.5.2 Porosity and Surface Area
- •2.5.3 Surface Energy
- •2.6 ACID/BASE EFFECTS
- •2.7 THERMODYNAMICS
- •2.7.1 Mathematical Representation
- •2.7.2 Graphical Representation
- •2.8 KINETICS
- •2.9 DIFFUSION
- •2.10 SUMMARY OF IMPORTANT CONCEPTS
- •2.11 ADDITIONAL RELATED READING
- •2.12 EXERCISES, QUESTIONS, AND PROBLEMS
- •REFERENCES
- •3.1 INTRODUCTION
- •3.2 LABORATORY TEST VS. FIELD TRIALS
- •3.3 SAMPLE SELECTION AND PREPARATION
- •3.4 SELECTION OF TEST CONDITIONS
- •3.5 CHARACTERIZATION METHODS
- •3.5.1 Microstructure and Phase Analysis
- •Visual Observation
- •Optical Microscopy
- •X-ray Diffractometry
- •Transmission Electron Microscopy
- •3.5.2 Chemical Analysis
- •Bulk Analysis
- •Surface Analysis
- •3.5.3 Physical Property Measurement
- •Gravimetry and Density
- •Porosity-Surface Area
- •Mechanical Property Tests
- •3.6 DATA REDUCTION
- •3.7 ADDITIONAL RELATED READING
- •3.8 EXERCISES, QUESTIONS, AND PROBLEMS
- •REFERENCES
- •4.1 INTRODUCTION
- •4.2 ASTM STANDARDS
- •4.2.16 Permeability of Refractories, C-577
- •4.2.26 Lead and Cadmium Extracted from Glazed Ceramic Surfaces, C-738
- •4.3 NONSTANDARD TESTS
- •4.4 ADDITIONAL RELATED READING
- •4.5 EXERCISES, QUESTIONS, AND PROBLEMS
- •REFERENCES
- •5.1 ATTACK BY LIQUIDS
- •5.1.1 Attack by Glasses
- •Alumina-Containing Materials
- •Zircon
- •Zirconia
- •Carbides and Nitrides
- •5.1.2 Attack by Aqueous Solutions
- •Alumina
- •Silica and Silicates
- •Concrete, Cement, Limestone, Marble, and Clay
- •Zirconia-Containing Materials
- •Superconductors
- •Titanates and Titania
- •Transition Metal Oxides
- •Carbides and Nitrides
- •5.1.3 Attack by Molten Salts
- •Oxides
- •Carbides and Nitrides
- •Superconductors
- •5.1.4 Attack by Molten Metals
- •5.2 ATTACK BY GASES
- •5.2.1 Oxides
- •Alumina
- •Alumino-Silicatcs
- •Magnesia-Containing Materials
- •Zirconia
- •5.2.2 Nitrides and Carbides
- •Silicon Nitride
- •Other Nitrides
- •Silicon Carbide
- •Other Carbides
- •5.2.3 Borides
- •5.2.4 Silicides
- •5.2.5 Superconductors
- •5.3 ATTACK BY SOLIDS
- •5.3.1 Silica
- •5.3.2 Magnesia
- •5.3.3 Superconductors
- •5.3.4 Attack by Metals
- •5.4 ADDITIONAL RELATED READING
- •5.5 EXERCISES, QUESTIONS, AND PROBLEMS
- •REFERENCES
- •6.1 INTRODUCTION
- •6.2 SILICATE GLASSES
- •6.3 BOROSILICATE GLASSES
- •6.4 LEAD-CONTAINING GLASSES
- •6.5 PHOSPHORUS-CONTAINING GLASSES
- •6.6 FLUORIDE GLASSES
- •6.7 CHALCOGENIDE-HALIDE GLASSES
- •6.8 ADDITIONAL RELATED READING
- •6.9 EXERCISES, QUESTIONS, AND PROBLEMS
- •REFERENCES
- •7.1 INTRODUCTION
- •7.2 REINFORCEMENT
- •7.2.1 Fibers
- •7.2.2 Fiber Coatings or Interphases
- •7.2.3 Particulates
- •7.3 CERAMIC MATRIX COMPOSITES
- •7.3.1 Oxide-Matrix Composites
- •Al2O3-Matrix Composites
- •Other Oxide-Matrix Composites
- •7.3.2 Nonoxide-Matrix Composites
- •Si3N4 Matrix Composites
- •SiC-Matrix Composites
- •Carbon-Carbon Composites
- •Other Nonoxide Matrix Composites
- •7.4 METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES
- •7.5 POLYMER MATRIX COMPOSITES
- •7.6 ADDITIONAL RELATED READINGS
- •7.7 EXERCISES, QUESTIONS, AND PROBLEMS
- •REFERENCES
- •8.1 INTRODUCTION
- •8.2 MECHANISMS
- •8.2.1 Crystalline Materials
- •8.2.2 Glassy Materials
- •8.3 DEGRADATION OF SPECIFIC MATERIALS
- •8.3.1 Degradation by Oxidation
- •Carbides and Nitrides
- •Oxynitrides
- •8.3.2 Degradation by Moisture
- •8.3.3 Degradation by Other Atmospheres
- •Carbides and Nitrides
- •Zirconia-Containing Materials
- •8.3.4 Degradation by Molten Salts
- •Carbides and Nitrides
- •Zirconia-Containing Materials
- •8.3.5 Degradation by Molten Metals
- •8.3.6 Degradation by Aqueous Solutions
- •Bioactive Materials
- •Nitrides
- •Glassy Materials
- •8.4 ADDITIONAL RELATED READING
- •8.5 EXERCISES, QUESTIONS, AND PROBLEMS
- •REFERENCES
- •9.1 INTRODUCTION
- •9.2 CRYSTALLINE MATERIALS—OXIDES
- •9.2.1 Property Optimization
- •9.2.2 External Methods of Improvement
- •9.3 CRYSTALLINE MATERIALS—NONOXIDES
- •9.3.1 Property Improvement
- •9.3.2 External Methods of Improvement
- •9.4 GLASSY MATERIALS
- •9.4.1 Property Optimization
- •9.4.2 External Methods of Improvement
- •REFERENCES
- •Glossary
- •Epilog
Corrosion of Specific Crystalline Materials |
201 |
grain boundary chemistry is of utmost importance, with these phases being attacked first. Two sialon solid solutions (called O’ and β’) were evaluated at different compositions at 1450°C for 1–6 hrs under 0.84 MPa of argon.
5.2 ATTACK BY GASES
The corrosion of a ceramic by vapor attack is generally much more severe than that by liquids or solids. The major reason for the more severe attack is related to the increased surface that is available to gases as opposed to liquids or solids. The
TABLE 5.2 Interfacial Reaction Products Caused by Vapor Attack
Copyright © 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc.
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