406. Exercise 7.1. Translate into English:

407. 1. США — четвертая по размеру страна после России, Канады и Китая.

408. 2. Внешние границы включают в себя Пуэрто Рико, Американское Самоа и Виргинские острова.

409. 3.48 Штатов граничат на севере с Канадой, а на юге с Мексикой.

410. 4. США имеет морскую границу с Российской Федерацией.

411. 6. США омывается тремя океанами: Северным Ледовитым, Атлантическим и Тихим.

412. 7. США — высокоразвитое промышленное государство со множеством отраслей.

413. 8. Аэрокосмическая и электронные отрасли промышленности США занимают особое место в экономике США.

414. 9. Каждый штат имеет свою столицу.

416. Text в: «transport system of the usa»

417. The development of transport facilities was very important in the growth of the United States. The first travel routes were natural waterways. No surfaced roads existed until the 1790s, when the first turnpikes were built. Besides the overland roads, many canals were constructed between the late 18th century and 1850 to link navigable rivers and lakes in the eastern United States and in the Great Lakes region. Steam railways began to appear in the East in the 1820s. The first transcontinental railway was constructed between 1862 and 1869 by the Union Pacific and Central Pacific companies, both of which received large subsidies from the federal government. Transcontinental railways were the chief means of transport used by European settlers who populated the West in the latter part of the 19th century. The railways continued to expand until 1917, when their length reached a peak of about 407,000 km. Since then motor transport became a serious competitor to the railway both for passengers and freight.

418. Air transport began to compete with other modes of transport after World War I. Passenger service began to gain importance in 1920s, but not until the beginning of commercial jet craft after World War II did air transport become a leading mode of travel.

419. During the early 1990s railways annually handled about 37,5 per cent of the total freight traffic; trucks carried 26 per cent of the freight, and oil pipelines conveyed 20 per cent. Approximately 16 per cent was shipped on inland waterways. Although the freight handled by airlines amounted to only 0,4 per cent of the total, much of the cargo consisted of high-priority or high-value items.

420. Private cars carry about 81 per cent of passengers. Airlines are the second leading mover of people, carrying more than 17 per cent of passengers. Buses are responsible for 1,1 per cent, and railways carry 0,6 per cent of passengers.

421. Roads and Railways

422. The transport network spreads into all sections of the country, but the web of railways and highways is much more dense in the eastern half of the United States.

423. In the early 1990s the United States had about 6,24 million km of streets, roads, and highways. The National Interstate Highway System, 68,449 km in length in the early 1990s, connected the nation's principal cities and carried about one-fifth of all the road and street traffic.

424. More than 188 million motor vehicles were registered in the early 1990s. More than three-quarters were cars — one for every two persons in the country. About one-fifth of the vehicles were lorries. Amtrak (the National Railroad Passenger Corporation), a federally subsidized concern, operates almost all the inter-city passenger trains in the United States; it carried more than 22 million passengers annually in the early 1990s.

425. General understanding:

426. 1. What were the first routes in the US?

427. 2. When was the first transcontinental railway constructed?

428. 3. What was the length of railroads in 1917?

429. 4. When did air transport start to gain importance?

430. 5. How many motor vehicles were registered in US in early 90s?

431. 6. What is Amtrak? How many passengers did it carry annually in the early 90s?

433. Grammar

434. §1. Согласование времен в главном и придаточном предложениях.

435. В английском сложноподчиненном предложении с придаточным дополнительным (вопрос «что?», «кто?», «чего?» и т. д.) соблюдаются правила согласования времен в главном и придаточном предложениях. Эти правила сводятся к следующему:

436. 1. Если глагол-сказуемое главного предложения стоит в настоящем или будущем времени, то глагол-сказуемое придаточного дополнительного предложения может стоять в любой временной форме, требуемой смыслом, например:

437. Не says you are right. — Он говорит, что ты прав.

438. Не will tell why he was not at school yesterday. — Он скажет, почему он не был в школе вчера.

439. 2. Если глагол-сказуемое главного предложения стоит в прошедшем времени (обычно — в Past Indefinite), то и глагол дополнительного придаточного предложения должен стоять в одном из прошедших времен, в том числе — в будущем с точки зрения прошедшего (Future in the Past).

440. He said he would not go to school tomorrow. — Он сказал, что не пойдет в школу завтра.

441. При этом для обозначения действия, одновременного с действием, выраженным сказуемым главного предложения, употребляется Past Continuous (в русском языке — настоящее время) или Past Indefinite.

442. Не told me he was preparing for his exam. — Он сказал мне, что готовится к экзамену.

443. Для обозначения действия, предшествующего действию, выраженному сказуемым главного предложения, обычно употребляется Past Perfect. На русский язык глагол-сказуемое придаточного в данном случае переводится глаголом в прошедшем времени:

444. I didn't know he had left for Moscow. — Я не знал, что он уехал в Москву.

445. При указании определенного времени (in 1980, yesterday) предшествующее время выражается при помощи Past Indefinite. Например: I thought you were born in 1980.

446. Для выражения будущего времени с точки зрения прошедшего времени употребляется форма Future in the Past где вспомогательный глагол will меняется на would, которая на русский язык переводится будущим временем:

447. Не told me that he would meet me at the Institute. — Он сказал мне, что встретит меня в институте.

449. Exercise 7.2. Open the brackets. Pay attention to the Sequence of Tenses. Translate the sentences into English.

450. 1. I did not know that you already (to read) this book 2. He did it better than I (to expect). 3. He said that the bus (to be) here soon. 4.1 think it all happened soon after the meeting (to end). 5. They decided that they (to bring) us all the necessary books. 6. He said that he (can) not do it without my help. 7. He asked the students whether they ever (to see) such a book. 8. It was decided that we (to start) our work at eight o'clock. 9. I told you that I (to leave) for Minsk on the following day. 10. The boy did not know that he already (receive) a good mark. 12. He wanted to know what (to become) of the books. 13. The visitors were told that the secretary just (to go out) and (to come back) in half an hour. 14. He said we (may) keep the books as long as we (to like). 15. We thought that he not (to be able) to make his work in time and therefore (to offer) to help her. 16. When I came they (to tell) me that he (to leave) half an hour before. 17. It was soon clear to the teacher that the control work (to be) a difficult one. 18. I decided that next year I (to go) to see my old friend again. I not (to see) him since he (to go) to Moscow.

451. §2. Страдательный залог (Passive Voice).

452. Формы страдательного залога английских глаголов образуются с помощью вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем времени, лице и числе и причастия II (Participle II) смыслового глагола:

453. Present Indefinite	The letter is written
     Past Indefinite	The letter was written
     Future Indefinite	The letter will be written
     Present Continuous	The letter is being written
     Past Continuous	The letter was being written
     Future Continuous	The letter will be being written
     Present Perfect	The letter has been written
     Past Perfect	The letter had been written
     Future Perfect	The letter will have been written

454. Глагол-сказуемое в страдательном залоге показывает, что подлежащее предложения является объектом действия со стороны другого лица или предмета.

455. Сравните: I bought a book. — Я купил книгу.

456. The book was bought (by me). — Книга была куплена (мной).

457. Глаголы в страдательном залоге на русский язык переводятся

458. 1. глаголом быть + краткая форма причастия страдательного залога:

459. The letter was sent yesterday. Письмо было послано вчера.

460. 2. глаголом с частицей -ся (-сь):

461. This problem was discussed last week. Эта проблема обсуждалась на прошлой неделе.

462. 3. неопределенно-личным оборотом, т. е. глаголом в действительном залоге 3 лица множественного числа, типа «говорят», «сказали»:

463. English is spoken in many countries. На английском языке говорят во многих странах.

464. 4. глаголом в действительном залоге (при наличии исполнителя действия):

465. Pupils are taught at school by the teachers. Учеников учат в школе учителя.

467. Exercise 7.3. Translate into English. Determine the Tense and Voice of the verb:

468. 1. He left for Moscow. 2. The news will be of great interest. 3. They were speaking to him. 4. She studied many subjects. 5. He was much spoken about. 6. New subjects will be studied next term. 7. I am working now. 8. The text has already been written by them. 9. He studies at our school. 10. You are playing chess, aren't you? 11. The text is being translated at the moment. 12. Do you work at this lab? 13. When I saw him, he was going home. 14. They will have passed their exams by 3 o'clock. 15. This book was written by our teacher. 16. We shall be writing our tests at 10 o'clock. 17. The work will have been done when he comes. 18. We translated this text. 19. The letter had been written before we came. 20. We shall inform you. 21. These toys are made in Japan. 22. Does he work here? 23. Is he working now? 24. The conference will be held in May. 25. Rostov was named after Dmitry Rostovsky. 26.What are you doing here? 27. This work must be done at once. 28. You may take my book. 29. I am often asked at the lessons. 30. This article was being translated when I came.

470. Exercise 7.4. Translate into English. Determine the Tense and Voice of the verb:

471. l.They can be seen in our library every day. 2. The delegation is headed by the Prime Minister. 3. The child was often left home alone. 4. These houses were built last year. 5. All letters had been written when we came. 6. This film is much spoken about. 7. The machine is being tested now. 8. His work has been already finished. 9.1 was told to wait for him. 10.Your letter will have been answered by Monday. 11. The experiment was being carried out from ten till twelve o'clock. 12.Children under sixteen will not be admitted here.

473. Exercise 7.5. Put the verbs in brackets in the right form:

474. 1. I'm not reading these books today. They (return) to the library. 2. The paintings (exhibit) till the end of the month. 3. Why your home task (not do)? 4. She was taken to the hospital today, and (operate) tomorrow morning. 5. This room (use) only on special occasions. 6. Bicycles must not (leave) here. 7. This newspaper (not read). The pages (not cut). 8. Dictionaries may not (use) at the examination. 9. Usually this street (sweep) every day, but it (not sweep) yesterday. 10. This book (leave) in the classroom yesterday; it (find) by the teacher. 11. Thousands of new houses (build) every year. 12. This room (not use) for a long time. 13. The children are very excited this morning. They (take) to the circus this afternoon.

476. Exercise 7.6. Translate into English:

477. 1. Эта книга была прочитана всеми. 2. Письмо будет отправлено завтра. 3. Ее часто спрашивают? 4. На ваш вопрос ответят завтра. 5. Текст переводился вчера с двух до трех. 6. Работа только что завершена нами. 7. Эти книги уже будут опубликованы к концу года. 8. Наша контрольная работа сейчас проверяется? 9. О новой книге будут много говорить. 10. В нашем городе сейчас строится много новых зданий. 11. Ключи были утеряны вчера. 12. Мальчика возьмут в кино. 13. Вам сказали об этом? 14. Телеграмма уже получена?

479. Exercise 7.7. Translate into English:

480. 1. Он сказал мне, что текст будет переведен к 10 часам завтра. 2. Все картины, которые вы здесь видите, написаны одним и тем же художником. 3. Письмо будет отправлено завтра. 4. Работа будет закончена в срок. 5. За доктором послали? Сделайте это как можно скорее. У ребенка высокая температура. 6. Эта книга была написана до того, как автор стал знаменитым. 7. Сотни новых домов будут построены к концу этого года. 8. Эта история давно забыта всеми. 9. Мне предложили очень интересную работу. 10. Он серьезный человек. На него всегда можно положиться. 11. За старой женщиной ухаживает ее младшая дочь. 12. На вечере нам показали прекрасный фильм. 13. Его ударили мячом. 14. С ним необходимо немедленно поговорить по этому вопросу. 15. Вам зададут несколько вопросов на экзамене. 16. Ей был дан список участников собрания. 17. Речь была заслушана с большим вниманием. 18. Вам объяснят, как добраться до железнодорожного вокзала. 19. Об этой пьесе сейчас много говорят. 20. Делегацию нужно встретить завтра в 9 часов утра в аэропорту.

482. Unit 8

483. HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE UK

484. I. Согласные звуки [w], [].

485. II. Text A: «Higher Education In the UK».

486. III.§1. Сложное дополнение (Complex object).

487. §2. Причастие и герундий.

489. Согласный звук [w]. При произнесении губы округлены и значительно выдвинуты вперед, а задняя часть языка занимает примерно такое же положение, как при произнесении русского [у]. Струя выдыхаемого воздуха с силой проходит через образованную между губами круглую щель. Губы энергично раздвигаются.

490. Согласный звук []. При произнесении согласного задняя спина языка смыкается с опущенным мягким нёбом, и воздух проходит через носовую полость.

     Exercise A what — why — where whip — wheat — while	Exercise С wall — wallet — walk walnut — waltz — won
     Exercise В war — wharf — water wedding — wage — wait waitress — waist — waste weather — woman — wind	Exercise D wing — king — sting sing — nothing — something everything — anything — ring

492. Text a: "higher education in the uk»

493. Education after 16 is voluntary in United Kingdom. Students, who live in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland must take at the age of 16 the examinations for the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE). In Scotland students receive the Scottish Certificate of Education. After this exam students can choose to stay on in school or attend colleges of further education.

494. British universities are self-governing and are guaranteed academic independence. Funding for education and research is provided by funding councils set up by Parliament. The number of universities jumped in 1992 when polytechnics and some other higher education establishments were given the right to become universities. By the end of 1994, there were some 90 universities, almost half of them former polytechnics, including the Open University.

495. Many of the colleges of Oxford and Cambridge universities were founded in the 12th and 13th centuries. All other universities in Britain were founded in the 19^th and 20^th centuries. The Open University, based in Milton Keynes, England, was founded in 1969. It uses extension techniques of correspondence courses, television and radio programmes, and video cassettes, supported by local study centres and summer schools, to provide higher education opportunities to a wide variety of people.

496. During the 1960s there was a significant increase in the number of new universities, reflecting a fast growth in student numbers. During the 1980s, an expansion in higher education places led to another large jump in student numbers. In the 1992-1993 academic year there were more than 1,4 million students in full or part-time higher education in Great Britain, compared with just under 850,000 a decade earlier. About one quarter of young people are in higher education in England, Wales, and Scotland; one third in Northern Ireland. About 90 per cent of students get state grants to cover tuition fees and living costs.

497. The size of the grant is determined by parents income. Since the late 1980s, however, grants have been frozen; students can apply for a student loan.

498. Vocabulary:

532. voluntary — добровольное

533. attend — посещать

534. self-governing — самоуправляемый

535. funding — финансирование

536. funding councils — советы по финансированию

537. to set up — основывать

538. significant — значительный

539. polytechnics — политехнические институты

540. extension techniques — технологии дистанционно­го образования

541. to reflect — отражать

542. decade — десятилетие

543. state grants — государственные гарантии

544. tuition fee — плата за обучение

545. parents income — доход родителей

546. student loan — студенческий заём

547. Add to your active vocabulary:

548. a) high-school diploma — школьный аттестат

549. graduation ceremony — выпускной экзамен

550. Bachelor of Science (B.S.) — бакалавр естественных наук

551. Bachelor of Art (B.A.) — бакалавр гуманитарных наук

552. Master of Art (M.A.) — магистр искусств

553. Master of Science (M.S.) — магистр естественных наук

554. Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) — доктор философии

555. undergraduate student — студент 1-4(5) курсов

556. graduate student — студент 5-6 курсов

557. graduate school of robotics — магистратура (аспирантура) по специальности робототехника

558. b) room (lodging) and board — проживание и питание

559. personal expenses — личные расходы

560. books and supplies — книги и материалы

561. to be eligible for admission — быть подходящей кандидатурой для поступления

562. to enrol — зачислять

563. enrollment — зачисление

564. admissions office — приемная комиссия

565. student services office — департамент по работе со студентами

566. university bursar's (казначей) office — бухгалтерия университета (офис казначея)