778. 1) What kind of work are you interested in?

779. a) well paid

780. b) interesting

781. c) in a large and famous company

782. d) quiet

783. e) in an industry which has a future

784. f) prestigious

785. g) not to sit the whole day in the office

786. h) to travel a lot

787. 2) What position would you like to have?

788. a) to manage people — manager

789. b) to work for someone else — an employee

790. c) to be your own boss — self-employed, businessman

791. d) to be responsible for everything — top manager, director

792. e) to work for the state — state employee

794. Exercise 9.3. Please discuss with your group advantages and disadvantages of your future profession. Do you think that engineering profession is prestigios? Is it well-paid? How difficult is it to find a good work in this field?

796. Text b «the future of the engineering profession»

797. Among various recent trends in the engineering profession computerization is the most widespread. The trend in modern engineering offices is also towards computerization. Computers are increasingly used for solving complex problems as well as for handling, storing, and generating the enormous volume of data modern engineers must work with.

798. Scientific methods of engineering are applied in several fields not connected directly to manufacture and construction. Modern engineering is characterized by the broad application of what is known as systems engineering principles.

799. Engineers in industry work not only with machines but also with people, to determine, for example, how machines can be operated most efficiently by workers. A small change in the location of the controls of a machine or of its position with relation to other machines or equipment, or a change in the muscular movements of the operator, often results in greatly increased production. This type of engineering work is called time-study engineering.

800. A related field of engineering, human-factors engineering, also known as ergonomics, received wide attention in the late 1970s and 1980s when the safety of nuclear reactors was questioned following serious accidents that were caused by operator errors, design failures, and malfunctioning equipment.

801. Human-factors engineering seeks to establish criteria for the efficient, human-centred design of, among other things, the large, complicated control panels that monitor and govern nuclear reactor operations.

802. General understanding:

803. 1. What is the most widespread trend in the engineering profession?

804. 2. What are computers used for in modern engineering?

805. 3. What approaches are used in modern engineering?

806. 4. What is «ergonomics»?

807. 5. What does human-factors engineering deal with?

809. Grammar

810. §1. Придаточные предложения условия и времени. Действие которых отнесено к будущему.

811. В придаточных предложениях условия и времени с союзами

812. If (если),

813. when (когда),

814. after (после),

815. before (перед тем, как),

816. as soon as (как только), ]

817. unless (если не),

818. until (до тех пор, пока не),

819. будущее время заменяется формой настоящего времени, но на русский язык переводится будущим, например:

820. If you help me, I shall do this work. — Если ты поможешь мне, я сделаю эту работу.

821. As soon as I get free, I'll come to you. — Как только я освобожусь, я приду к тебе.

822. We shall not begin until you come. — Мы не начнем, пока ты не придешь.

824. Exercise 9.4. Open the brackets and put the verbs in the right form:

825. 1. He (go) out when the weather (get) warmer. 2. I (wait) for you until you (come) back from school. 3. I'm afraid the train (start) before we (come) to the station. 4. We (go) to the country tomorrow if the weather (to be) fine. 5. We (not pass) the examination next year if we not (work) harder. 6. If you (not drive) more carefully you (have) an accident. 7. You (be) late if you (not take) a taxi. 8. I (finish) reading this book before I (go) to bed. 9. You must (send) us a telegram as soon as you (arrive). 10. We (have) a picnic tomorrow if it (be) a fine day. 11. We (go) out when it (stop) raining. 12. We (not to have) dinner until you (come). 13. I'm sure they (write) to us when they (know) our new address.

827. Прочитайте примеры и запомните наиболее употребительные суффиксы существительных

828. -ег/ог — teacher, writer, actor, doctor

829. -ist — scientist, artist, dentist

830. -ment — government, movement, development

831. -(t)ion — revolution, translation, operation

832. -ity/ty — popularity, honesty, ability

833. -sion/ssion — revision, session, discussion,

834. -ness — happiness, illness, darkness

835. Прочитайте примеры и запомните наиболее употребительные суффиксы и префиксы глаголов.

836. re- — rewrite, rebuild, reconstruct,

837. mis- — misprint, misunderstand, miscount.

838. Прочитайте примеры и запомните наиболее употребительные суффиксы и префиксы прилагательных.

839. un- — unhappy, unable, uncomfortable

840. dis- — dishonest, discouraging, disconnectng

841. Прочитайте примеры и запомните основные суффиксы числительных.

842. -teen — fifteen, sixteen, eighteen

843. -ty — twenty, thirty, sixty, ninety

844. -th — fourth, seventh, eighteenth

846. Exercise 9.5. Make up adjectives from the following words:

847. colour, beauty, peace, use, hope, truth, rain, help, power, pain, care.

848. §2. Сослагательное наклонение в условных предложениях,

849. Сослагательное наклонение выражает возможность, нереальность, предположительность действия.

850. Изъявительное наклонение.

851. If I learn his address I shall write to him. — Если я узнаю его адрес, я ему напишу.

852. Сослагательное наклонение:

853. If I knew his address I would write to him. — Если бы я знал его адрес (сейчас), я написал бы ему (сейчас или в ближайшем будущем). Глагол в придаточном предложении — в форме Past Indefinite, в главном — в форме Future in the Past.

854. В случае, если действие, описываемое сослагательным наклонением, относится к прошедшему времени, в главном предложении используется форма будущего совершенного с точки зрения прошедшего Future Perfect in the Past, а в придаточном — прошедшее совершенное Past Perfect.

855. If I had known his address I would have written to him. — Если бы я знал его адрес (в прошлом), я написал бы ему (в прошлом же).

856. I wish I lived not far from here. (настоящее время). —Жаль, что я не живу поблизости.

857. I wish I had lived not far from here (прошедшее время). — Жаль, что я не жил поблизости.

859. Exercise 9.6. Translate into Russian:

860. 1. If I came later I would be late for the lesson. 2. If he had known the time-table he wouldn't have missed the train. 3. It would be better if you learned the oral topics. 3. I wish I had known this before the examination. 4. I would have come to you if you had not lived so far away. 5. If I had seen you yesterday I would have given you my text-book. 6. If I were in your place I wouldn't buy the tickets beforehand. 7. If I had known that you needed help I would have helped you.

880. Unit 10

881. METALS

882. I. Text A: «Metals», Text B: «Steel», Text C: «Methods of steel heat treatment»

883. II. Famous Scientists. Dmitry Ivanovlch Mendeleyev.

885. Text A: «METALS»

886. Metals are materials most widely used in industry be­cause of their properties. The study of the production and properties of metals is known as metallurgy.

887. The separation between the atoms in metals is small, so most metals are dense. The atoms are arranged regu­larly and can slide over each other. That is why metals are malleable (can be deformed and bent without frac­ture) and ductile (can be drawn into wire). Metals vary greatly in their properties. For example, lead is soft and can be bent by hand, while iron can only be worked by hammering at red heat.

888. The regular arrangement of atoms in metals gives them a crystalline structure. Irregular crystals are called grains. The properties of the metals depend on the size, shape, orientation, and composition of these grains. In general, a metal with small grains will be harder and stronger than one with coarse grains.

889. Heat treatment such as quenching, tempering, or annealing controls the nature of the grains and their size in the metal. Small amounts of other metals (less than 1 per cent) are often added to a pure metal. This is called alloying (легирование) and it changes the grain struc­ture and properties of metals.

890. All metals can be formed by drawing, rolling, ham­mering and extrusion, but some require hot-working. Metals are subject to metal fatigue and to creep (the slow increase in length under stress) causing deformation and failure. Both effects are taken into account by engineers when designing, for example, airplanes, gas-turbines, and pressure vessels for high-temperature chemical proc­esses. Metals can be worked using machine-tools such as lathe, milling machine, shaper and grinder.

891. The ways of working a metal depend on its properties. Many metals can be melted and cast in moulds, but spe­cial conditions are required for metals that react with air.

892. Vocabulary:

893. property — свойство

894. metallurgy — металлургия

895. separation — разделение, отстояние

896. dense — плотный

897. arrangement — расположение

898. regularly — регулярно, правильно

899. to slide — скользить

900. malleable — ковкий, податливый, способ­ный деформироваться

901. bent pp of bend — гнуть

902. to fracture — ломать

903. ductile — эластичный, ковкий

904. to draw — волочить, тянуть

905. wire — проволока

906. lead — свинец

907. iron — железо, чугун

908. grain — зерно

909. to depend — зависеть

910. size — размер, величина

911. shape — форма, формировать

912. composition — состав

913. coarse — грубый, крупный

914. treatment — обработка

915. quenching — закалка

916. tempering — отпуск после закалки, нор­мализация

917. annealing — отжиг, отпуск

918. rolling — прокатка

919. to hammer — ковать (напр. молотом)

920. extrusion — экструзия

921. metal fatigue — усталость металла

922. creep — ползучесть

923. stress — давление,

924. failure — повреждение, разрушение

925. vessel — сосуд, котел, судно

926. lathe — токарный станок

927. milling machine — фрезерный станок

928. shaper — строгальный станок

929. grinder — шлифовальный станок

930. to melt — плавить, плавиться расплавить

931. to cast — отливать, отлить

932. mould — форма (для отливки)

934. General understanding:

935. 1. What are metals and what do we call metallurgy?

936. 2. Why are most metals dense?

937. 3. Why are metals malleable?

938. 4. What is malleability?

939. 5. What are grains?

940. 6. What is alloying?

941. 7. What is crystalline structure?

942. 8. What do the properties of metals depend on?

943. 9. What changes the size of grains in metals?

944. 10. What are the main processes of metal forming?

945. 11. How are metals worked?

946. 12. What is creeping?

948. Exercise 1.1. Find the following words and word combinations in the text:

949. 1. Свойства металлов

950. 2. расстояние между атомами

951. 3. правильное расположение

952. 4. сильно отличаются по своим свойствам

953. 5. кристаллическая структура

954. 6. размер зерен

955. 7. форма зерен

956. 8. закалка

957. 9. отжиг

958. 10.волочение

959. 11.прокатка

960. 12.ковка

961. 13.экструзия

962. 14. структура и свойства зерна

963. 15. горячая обработка

964. 16. усталость металла

965. 17. ползучесть металла

966. 18. плавка и отливка в формы

967. 19. способы обработки металлов

969. Exercise 1.2. Complete the following sentences:

970. 1. Metals are...

971. 2. Metallurgy is...

972. 3. Most metals are...

973. 4. The regular arrangement of atoms in metals...

974. 5. Irregular crystals...

975. 6. The properties of the metals depend...

976. 7. Metals with small grains will be...

977. 8. ...controls the nature of the grains in the metal.

978. 9. Alloying is...

979. 10. All metals can be formed by...

980. 11. Creep is...

981. 12. Metals can be worked using...

983. Exercise 1.3. Explain in English the meaning of the following words:

984. 1. malleability

985. 2. crystalline structure

986. 3. grains

987. 4. heat treatment

988. 5. alloying

989. 6. creep