[Keith Allman] Oxford Handbook Of Anaesthesia

!"..'+@(5;/'+'=(6@+,-?'(54156C *CUTp

K-.4>".,;-('S4,51'-.C !"?I&"2&'I1"6$("55"+".46C V'-;46("##'66('S4,51'-.C

066'-.,"2(=+4?6(A;+(.8'(.+"-6A'+(,-#24='L

d@5-;.,#6t"(5+;5;A;2(,-A46,;-(,6(,='"2(A;+(6'=".,-?(,-.4>".'=(5".,'-.6C e46#2'(+'2"E"-.6C

[-"2?'6,#6G('C?C(A'-."-@2C e"--,.;2(Q_sL

e"--,.;2(M_CWPOC_(?h$?R(1"@(>'(?,&'-("A.'+(=,6#466,;-(/,.8(.8'(-'4+;64+?';-C(J8,6(1"@(+'=4#'(,-.+"#+"-,"2(5+'664+'("-=(/,22(>4@

.,1'(>'A;+'(64+?'+@C V"6;"#.,&'(=+4?6G('C?C("=+'-"2,-'G(=;>4."1,-'C [==,.,;-"2(+'646#,.".,;-(=+4?6C

M6''("26;(5C(XZZR

H;;.-;.'

Q

J8'(:'4+;"-"'6.8'6,"(%;#,'.@(;A(c+'".(!+,.",-("-=(K+'2"-=("-=(J8'([66;#,".,;-(;A([-"'6.8'.,6.6(;A(c+'".(!+,.",-("-=(K+'2"-=(MOppXRC f'#;11'-=".,;-6(A;+(.8'(.+"-6A'+(;A(5".,'-.6(/,.8("#4.'(8'"=(,-\4+,'6(.;(-'4+;64+?,#"2(4-,.6C(J8'([66;#,".,;-(;A([-"'6.8'.,6.6(;A(c+'". !+,.",-("-=(K+'2"-=G(a;-=;-C

!"#$ %"&'()(*+,-.(*+'&,'/()(01",2()(01",2(34156."+.

!"#$%#&'$()***

78".96(:'/(,-(!;;$6 N8'6.(,-\4+,'6

J8'+'("+'(6,E(5;.'-.,"22@(2,A'I.8+'".'-,-?(,-\4+,'6(M./;(#;-.46,;-6("-=(A;4+(‡+45.4+'6ˆR(.8".(1"@(>'(,='-.,A,'=(=4+,-?(.8'(6'#;-="+@(64+&'@L

*421;-"+@(#;-.46,;-C N"+=,"#(#;-.46,;-C [;+.,#(+45.4+'C f45.4+'=(=,"58+"?1C D'6;58"?'"2(+45.4+'C

f45.4+'(;A(.8'(.+"#8';>+;-#8,"2(.+''C

*421;-"+@(#;-.46,;-

K-65'#.,;-(;A(.8'(#8'6.(1"@(+'&'"2(6,?-6(,-=,#".,-?(#;-6,='+">2'(='#'2'+".,-?(A;+#'6G(64#8("6(6'".I>'2.(>+4,6,-?C *421;-"+@(#;-.46,;-(,6(.8'(#;11;-'6.(5;.'-.,"22@(2'.8"2(#8'6.(,-\4+@C

|;4-?("=42.6("-=(#8,2=+'-(8"&'(5"+.,#42"+2@(#;152,"-.(+,>6("-=(#;-6,='+">2'('-'+?@(#"-(>'(.+"-61,..'=(.;(.8'(24-?6(,-(.8'(">6'-#'(;A +,>(A+"#.4+'6C

J8'('"+2,'6.(,-=,#".,;-(;A(5421;-"+@(#;-.46,;-(,6(8@5;E"'1,"(M+'=4#'=(*"DQhH,DQ(+".,;RC

J8'(#8'6.(+"=,;?+"58(68;/6(5".#8@(,-A,2.+".'6(;&'+(.8'("AA'#.'=("+'"(>4.(1"@(>'(-;+1"2(,-,.,"22@C

K-#+'"6,-?(.8'(H,DQ(1"@(5+;&,='(64AA,#,'-.(;E@?'-".,;-tA",2,-?(.8".(.8'(5".,'-.(1"@(+'S4,+'(1"6$(N*[*(;+(.+"#8'"2(,-.4>".,;-("-= 5;6,.,&'(5+'664+'(&'-.,2".,;-C

F6'(61"22(.,="2(&;241'6(MWPY(12h$?R(.;(1,-,1,B'(&;24.+"41"C(J+@(.;($''5(.8'(5'"$(,-65,+".;+@(5+'664+'(uTW(#1dQDC

J8'(5".,'-.(/,.8(#8'6.(.+"41"(+'S4,+'6("55+;5+,".'(A24,=(+'646#,.".,;-(>4.(A24,=(;&'+2;"=(/,22(#;15;4-=(.8'(24-?(#;-.46,;-C

e@;#"+=,"2(#;-.46,;-

N"+=,"#(#;-.46,;-(146.(>'(#;-6,='+'=(,-("-@(5".,'-.(/,.8(6'&'+'(>24-.(#8'6.(.+"41"G(5"+.,#42"+2@(.8;6'(/,.8(6.'+-"2(A+"#.4+'6C N"+=,"#("++8@.81,"6G(%J(#8"-?'6(;-(.8'(0NcG("-=('2'&".'=(N^Ie!(,6;'-B@1'6(1"@(,-=,#".'(#;-.46,;-(>4.(.8'6'(6,?-6("+'(&'+@(-;-I 65'#,A,#t#"+=,"#(.+;5;-,-6(1"@(>'(62,?8.2@(1;+'(65'#,A,#(A;+(#"+=,"#(#;-.46,;-C

[-('2'&".'=(NV*(,-(.8'(5+'6'-#'(;A(8@5;.'-6,;-(,6(.8'('"+2,'6.(,-=,#".,;-(;A(1@;#"+=,"2(=@6A4-#.,;-(6'#;-="+@(.;(6'&'+'(#"+=,"# #;-.46,;-G(>4.(#"+=,"#(."15;-"='(146.(>'('E#24='=C

0#8;#"+=,;?+"58@(,6(.8'(>'6.(1'.8;=(;A(#;-A,+1,-?("(#"+=,"#(#;-.46,;-C

*".,'-.6(/,.8(6'&'+'(#"+=,"#(#;-.46,;-(.'-=(.;(8"&'(;.8'+(6'+,;46(,-\4+,'6(.8".(/,22(1"-=".'(.8',+("=1,66,;-(.;("-(,-.'-6,&'(#"+'(4-,. t.8'(='#,6,;-(.;("=1,.("(5".,'-.(.;(KNF(+"+'2@(='5'-=6(;-(.8'(=,"?-;6,6(;A(#"+=,"#(#;-.46,;-("2;-'C

J8'(6'&'+'2@(#;-.46'=(1@;#"+=,41(/,22(+'S4,+'(,-;.+;5,#(6455;+.(M'C?C(=;>4."1,-'(;+("=+'-"2,-'RC

*CUUO

J+"41".,#(+45.4+'(;A(.8'(";+."

J8'(.8;+"#,#(";+."(,6(".(+,6$(,-("-@(5".,'-.(646.",-,-?("(6,?-,A,#"-.(='#'2'+".,-?(A;+#'(M'C?C(A"22(A+;1("(8',?8.(;+(8,?8I65''=(+;"=(.+"AA,# "##,='-.RC(D-2@(O_POWs(;A(.8'6'(5".,'-.6(/,22(+'"#8(8;65,."2("2,&'("-=(;A(.8'6'(64+&,&;+6G(/,.8;4.(64+?'+@(./;I.8,+=6(/,22(=,'(;A(='2"@'= +45.4+'(/,.8,-(Q(/''$6C

J8'(#;11;-'6.(6,.'(A;+(";+.,#(,-\4+@(,6(".(.8'(";+.,#(,6.8146G(\46.(=,6."2(.;(.8'(;+,?,-(;A(.8'(2'A.(64>#2"&,"-("+.'+@(".(.8'(2'&'2(;A(.8' 2,?"1'-.41("+.'+,;641C(<'#'2'+".,;-(5+;=4#'6(2"+?'(68'"+(A;+#'6(".(.8,6(6,.'(>'#"46'(.8'(+'2".,&'2@(1;>,2'(";+.,#("+#8(.+"&'26(A;+/"+= +'2".,&'(.;(.8'(A,E'=(='6#'-=,-?(";+."C

J8'(.'"+(,-(.8'(,-.,1"("-=(1'=,"(1"@(,-&;2&'(',.8'+(5"+.(;A(;+(.8'(/8;2'(#,+#41A'+'-#'(;A(.8'(";+."G("-=(,-(64+&,&;+6(.8'(8"'1".;1"(,6 #;-.",-'=(>@("-(,-."#.(";+.,#("=&'-.,.,"("-=(1'=,"6.,-"2(52'4+"C

*".,'-.6(646.",-,-?(.+"41".,#(";+.,#(+45.4+'(464"22@(8"&'(142.,52'(,-\4+,'6("-=(1"@(>'(8@5;.'-6,&'(".(5+'6'-.".,;-C(d;/'&'+G(455'+ 'E.+'1,.@(8@5'+.'-6,;-(,6(5+'6'-.(,-(U_s(;A(#"6'6("6(.8'(8"'1".;1"(#;15+'66'6(.8'(.+4'(241'-(#"46,-?("(‡56'4=;#;"+#.".,;-ˆC %45,-'(#8'6.(+"=,;?+"58(/,22(68;/("(/,='-'=(1'=,"6.,-41(,-(.8'(&"6.(1"\;+,.@(;A(#"6'6C([2.8;4?8(.8,6(,6("(6'-6,.,&'(6,?-(;A(";+.,# +45.4+'G(,.(,6(-;.(&'+@(65'#,A,#tp_s(;A(#"6'6(;A(/,='-'=(1'=,"6.,-41("+'(=4'(.;(&'-;46(>2''=,-?C(78'-'&'+(5+"#.,#"2(;>.",-("-('+'#. #8'6.(+"=,;?+"58(M5+;&,=,-?("(#2'"+'+(&,'/(;A(.8'(.8;+"#,#(";+."RC

%,?-6(;-(.8'(#8'6.(+"=,;?+"58(64??'6.,-?(5;66,>2'(+45.4+'(;A(.8'(";+."("+'(/,='(1'=,"6.,-41G(52'4+"2(#"55,-?G(2'A.(8"'1;.8;+"EG ='&,".,;-(;A(.8'(.+"#8'"(.;(.8'(+,?8.G(='5+'66,;-(;A(.8'(2'A.(1",-6.'1(>+;-#846G(2;66(;A(.8'(";+.,#($-;>G(='&,".,;-(;A(.8'(-"6;?"6.+,#

.4>'(.;(.8'(+,?8.G(A+"#.4+'6(;A(.8'(455'+(.8+''(+,>6(M"2.8;4?8(=,654.'=(+'#'-.2@RG(;+(A+"#.4+'(;A(.8'(.8;+"#,#(65,-'C

KA(.8'(#8'6.(+"=,;?+"58(,6('S4,&;#"2G(A4+.8'+(,-&'6.,?".,;-(/,22(>'(+'S4,+'=C(%5,+"2(NJ(6#"-(,6(.8;4?8.(.;(>'("21;6.("6(?;;=("6 "+.'+,;?+"58@(A;+(='2,-'".,-?(";+.,#(,-\4+@("-=("(-41>'+(;A(#'-.+'6("+'(-;/(46,-?(.+"-6;'6;58"?'"2('#8;#"+=,;?+"58@(.;(=,"?-;6'

.+"41".,#(";+.,#(+45.4+'6C

KA("(+45.4+'(;A(.8'(.8;+"#,#(";+."(,6(6465'#.'=G(.8'(5".,'-.96(>2;;=(5+'664+'(68;42=(>'(1",-.",-'=(".(Z_PO__(11d?(6@6.;2,#(M46,-?("

>'."I>2;#$'+(64#8("6('61;2;2RG(,-("-('AA;+.(.;(+'=4#'(.8'(+,6$(;A(A4+.8'+(=,66'#.,;-(;+(+45.4+'C(J8'(46'(;A(54+'(&"6;=,2".;+6G(64#8("6(%:*G ,-#+'"6'6(.8'(5426'(5+'664+'("-=(/,22(-;.(+'=4#'(.8'(68'"+(A;+#'6(;-(.8'(";+.,#(/"22C(J8'(5".,'-.(146.(>'(.+"-6A'++'=(,11'=,".'2@(.;

.8'(-'"+'6.(#"+=,;.8;+"#,#(4-,.C

f45.4+'(;A(.8'(=,"58+"?1

f45.4+'(;A(.8'(=,"58+"?1(;##4+6(,-(">;4.(Ws(;A(5".,'-.6(646.",-,-?(6'&'+'(>24-.(.+"41"(.;(.8'(.+4-$C K.(#"-(>'(=,AA,#42.(.;(=,"?-;6'(,-,.,"22@t.8'(=,"?-;6,6(,6(;A.'-(1"='(2".'C

[55+;E,1".'2@(YWs(;A(+45.4+'6(;##4+(;-(.8'(2'A.(6,='C(J8'(6.;1"#8(;+(#;2;-(#;11;-2@(8'+-,".'6(,-.;(.8'(#8'6.("-=(6.+"-?42".,;-(;A

.8'6'(;+?"-6(,6("(6,?-,A,#"-.(#;152,#".,;-C *CUUQ

%,?-6("-=(6@15.;16(='.'#.'=(=4+,-?(.8'(6'#;-="+@(64+&'@(1"@(,-#24='L

=,1,-,68'=(>+'".8(6;4-=6(;-(.8'(,56,2".'+"2(6,='

5",-(,-(.8'(#8'6.("-=(">=;1'-

+'65,+".;+@(=,6.+'66C

<,"?-;6,6(#"-(>'(1"='(;-("(52",-(+"=,;?+"58(M'2'&".'=(8'1,=,"58+"?1G(?"6(>4>>2'6(">;&'(.8'(=,"58+"?1G(68,A.(;A(.8'(1'=,"6.,-41

.;(.8'(;55;6,.'(6,='G(-"6;?"6.+,#(.4>'(,-(.8'(#8'6.RC(J8'(='A,-,.,&'(=,"?-;6,6(,6(1"='(>@(,-6.,22,-?(#;-.+"6.(1'=,"(.8+;4?8(.8'

-"6;?"6 .+,#(.4>'("-=(+'5'".,-?(.8'(+"=,;?+"58C

D-#'(.8'(5".,'-.(8"6(>''-(6.">,2,B'=G(.8'(=,"58+"?1(/,22(+'S4,+'(64+?,#"2(+'5",+C

D'6;58"?'"2(+45.4+'

[(6'&'+'(>2;/(.;(.8'(455'+(">=;1'-(1"@(+'642.(,-("(.;+-(2;/'+(;'6;58"?46("6(?"6.+,#(#;-.'-.6("+'(A;+#'A422@('\'#.'=C

J8'(#;-6#,;46(5".,'-.(/,22(#;152",-(;A(6'&'+'(#8'6.("-=(">=;1,-"2(5",-G("-=(1'=,"6.,-"2(",+(1"@(>'(&,6,>2'(;-(.8'(#8'6.(+"=,;?+"58C c"6.+,#(#;-.'-.6(1"@("55'"+(,-(.8'(#8'6.(=+",-C

J8'(=,"?-;6,6(,6(#;-A,+1'=(>@(#;-.+"6.(6 .4=@(;A(.8'(;'6;58"?46(;+('-=;6#;5@C

F+?'-.(64+?'+@(,6('66'-.,"2t1'=,"6.,-,.,6(#"++,'6("(8,?8(1;+."2,.@C

J+"#8';>+;-#8,"2(,-\4+@

a"+@-?'"2(A+"#.4+'6("+'(+"+'C

%,?-6(;A(2"+@-?'"2(,-\4+@(,-#24='(8;"+6'-'66G(64>#4."-';46('158@6'1"G("-=(5"25">2'(A+"#.4+'(#+'5,.46C

J;."2(",+/"@(;>6.+4#.,;-(;+(6'&'+'(+'65,+".;+@(=,6.+'66(,6(1"-"?'=(>@(,-.4>".,;-(;+("(64+?,#"2(",+/"@I.+"#8';6.;1@(,6(,-=,#".'=(+".8'+

.8"-(#+,#;.8@+;,=;.;1@C

a'66(6'&'+'(2"+@-?'"2(,-\4+,'6(1"@(>'("66'66'=(>@(NJ(>'A;+'("-@("55+;5+,".'(64+?'+@C

J+"-6'#.,;-6(;A(.8'(.+"#8'"(;+(>+;-#8,(5+;E,1"2(.;(.8'(52'4+"2(+'A2'#.,;-(#"46'(1"66,&'(1'=,"6.,-"2("-=(#'+&,#"2('158@6'1"C

K-\4+,'6(=,6."2(.;(.8'(52'4+"2(68'".8(2'"=(.;(5-'41;.8;+"#'6t.8'6'(/,22(-;.(+'6;2&'("A.'+(#8'6.(=+",-"?'G(6,-#'(.8'(>+;-#8;52'4+"2

A,6.42"("22;/6("(2"+?'(",+(2'"$C

e;6.(>+;-#8,"2(,-\4+,'6(;##4+(/,.8,-(QCW(#1(;A(.8'(#"+,-"("-=(.8'(=,"?-;6,6(,6(#;-A,+1'=(>@(>+;-#8;6#;5@C J+"#8';>+;-#8,"2(,-\4+,'6(/,22(+'S4,+'(4+?'-.(+'5",+(.8+;4?8("(.8;+"#;.;1@C

!"#$ %"&'()(*+,-.(*+'&,'/()(01",2()(01",2(34156."+.

!"#$%#&'$()***

78".96(:'/(,-(!;;$6 [>=;1,-"2(,-\4+,'6

J8'(5+,;+,.@(,6(.;(S4,#$2@(='.'+1,-'(.8'(-''=(A;+(2"5"+;.;1@G("-=(-;.(.;(/"6.'(.,1'(.+@,-?(.;(='A,-'(5+'#,6'2@(/8,#8(&,6#46(,6(,-\4+'=C(J8' ">=;1'-(,6(,-65'#.'=(A;+(>+4,6,-?G(2"#'+".,;-6G("-=(=,6.'-6,;-C(N"+'A42(5"25".,;-(1"@(+'&'"2(.'-='+-'66C([(+'#."2('E"1,-".,;-(,6(5'+A;+1'=

.;("66'66(658,-#.'+(.;-'("-=(.;('E#24='(.8'(5+'6'-#'(;A(5'2&,#(A+"#.4+'(;+("(8,?8(5+;6.".'(M,-=,#".,&'(;A("(+45.4+'=(4+'.8+"RC(<,"?-;6.,# 5'+,.;-'"2(2"&"?'G(">=;1,-"2(42.+"I6;4-=G(;+(NJ(,6(,-=,#".'=(/8'-'&'+(#2,-,#"2('E"1,-".,;-(,6(4-+'2,">2'L

,-(5".,'-.6(/,.8("(='5+'66'=(2'&'2(;A(#;-6#,;46-'66(M8'"=(,-\4+@G(=+4?6G(;+("2#;8;2R ,-(.8'(5+'6'-#'(;A(2;/'+(+,>(;+(5'2&,#(A+"#.4+'6

/8'-(.8'('E"1,-".,;-(,6('S4,&;#"2G(5"+.,#42"+2@(,A(5+;2;-?'=(?'-'+"2("-"'6.8'6,"(A;+(;.8'+(,-\4+,'6(/,22(1"$'(+'"66'661'-. ,15;66,>2'C

J8'(+'2".,&'(1'+,.6(;A(=,"?-;6.,#(5'+,.;-'"2(2"&"?'G(42.+"6;4-=G("-=(NJ(A;+(.8'(,-&'6.,?".,;-(;A(">=;1,-"2(.+"41"("+'(2,6.'=(;-(5C(UUUC K-=,#".,;-6(;A("(5;6,.,&'(5'+,.;-'"2(2"&"?'(,-#24='L

e;+'(.8"-(W(12(A+''(>2;;=("65,+".'=(A+;1(.8'(5'+,.;-'"2(#"&,.@C 0-.'+,#(#;-.'-.6("65,+".'=(A+;1(.8'(5'+,.;-'"2(#"&,.@C a"&"?'(A24,=(2'"$,-?(,-.;(.8'(#8'6 .(=+",-6(;+(4+,-"+@(#".8'.'+C

O__(___~O_p(+'=(>2;;=(#'226h2,.+'G(>,2'G(A;;=G(;+(>"#.'+,"(,-(.8'(2"&"?'(A24,=C

K-('E5'+,'-#'=(8"-=6G(42.+"6;4-=(8"6("(6'-6,.,&,.@G(65'#,A,#,.@G("-=("##4+"#@(#;15"+">2'(.;(=,"?-;6.,#(5'+,.;-'"2(2"&"?'("-=(#"-(>'(=;-'(".

.8'(>'=6,='C(H;#46'=("66'661'-.(/,.8(6;-;?+"58@(A;+(.+"41"(MH[%JR(,-&;2&'6(6#"--,-?(A;4+(=,6.,-#.(+'?,;-6(,='-.,A,'=("6(.8'(A;4+(*6L

5'+,#"+=,"2 5'+,8'5".,# 5'+,652'-,# 5'2&,#C

J8'(46'(;A(=,"?-;6.,#(5'+,.;-'"2(2"&"?'(,6(;-(.8'(='#2,-'(?'-'+"22@(>4.(,6(6.,22(.8'(,-&'6.,?".,;-(;A(#8;,#'(,-(.8'(">6'-#'(;A(5'+6;--'2(.+",-'= ,-(42.+"6;4-=("-=(/8'-(.8'(5".,'-.(,6(.;;(8"'1;=@-"1,#"22@(4-6.">2'(.;(>'(.+"-6A'++'=(.;(.8'(NJ(6#"--'+C

N"4*$(-"/>"3($#/+@/'(*9&+#$()/2"3($+&"*4/4*-*9"S/64$3*#+6&'S/*&'/F!/(&/H46&$/*H'+>(&*4/$3*6>*

	/	O(*9&+#$()/2"3($+&"*4/4*-*9"	^4$3*#+6&'	F!/#)*&
		<,"?-;6,6(;A(8"'1;5'+,.;-'41(,-(5+'6'-#'(;A	%#+''-,-?(A;+(A+''(A24,=(;+	<,"?-;6,6(;A(;+?"-(,-\4+@(,-
	K-=,#".,;-		6;2,=(;+?"-(,-\4+@(,-("22(>24-.
		8"'1;=@-"1,#(,-6.">,2,.@		8"'1;=@-"1,#"22@(6.">2'(5".,'-.6
			.+"41"(5".,'-.6
			H"6 .G(6'-6,.,&,.@(ZTPZYsG(#"-
	[=&"-."?'6	H"6.G(ZWPpZs(6'-6,.,&,.@(A;+(,-.+"">=;1,-"2(>2''=,-?	='.'#.(A+''(A24,=("-=(6;2,=	e;6.(65'#,A,#(A;+(,-\4+@(MpQPpZsR
			;+?"-(,-\4+@

K-&"6,&'G(A"26'2@(,-=,#".'6(-''=(A;+(2"5"+;.;1@(,-(6;1' <,6"=&"-."?'6 5".,'-.6(/8;(#;42=(>'(1"-"?'=(#;-6'+&".,&'2@G(1,66'6

,-\4+@(.;(=,"58+"?1(;+(+'.+;5'+,.;-'41

D5'+".;+(='5'-='-.G(1,66'6 =,"58+"?1G(>;/'2G("-=(6;1' 5"-#+'".,#(,-\4+,'6

J"$'6(.,1'(.;(.+"-6A'+(.;(6#"--'+G 1,66'6(=,"58+"?1G(>;/'2G("-= 6;1'(5"-#+'".,#(,-\4+,'6

!"#$ %"&'()(*+,-.(*+'&,'/()(01",2()(01",2(34156."+.

!"#$%#&'$()***

78".96(:'/(,-(!;;$6 *'2&,#(A+"#.4+'6

*'.'+(%#8+"-B

*'2&,#(A+"#.4+'6(#"-(+'642.(,-(2,A'I.8+'".'-,-?(;##42.(8"'1;++8"?'C(K-(.8'(8@5;&;2"'1,#G(68;#$'=(5".,'-.(.8'(>2;;=(,6(',.8'+(;-(.8' A2;;+G(,-(.8'(#8'6.G(,-(.8'(">=;1'-G(;+(,-(.8'(5'2&,6C

J8'(>2''=,-?(,-(5'2&,#(A+"#.4+'6("+,6'6(1",-2@(A+;1(.8'(68'"+,-?("-=(.'"+,-?(;A(.8'(2"+?'(&',-6(2,-,-?(.8'(5;6.'+,;+(5'2&,6C(!2''=,-?(#"- "26;("+,6'(A+;1(.8'(+"/G(#"-#'22;46(>;-@(64+A"#'6C([+.'+,"2(>2''=,-?("##;4-.6(A;+(1"\;+(>2''=,-?(,-(2'66(.8"-(O_s(;A(#"6'6C J8'(./;(1",-(A+"#.4+'(.@5'6(+'65;-6,>2'(A;+(6'&'+'(8"'1;++8"?'("+'(.8'(;5'-(>;;$(.@5'(M;+([*I#;15+'66,;-R("-=(.8'(&'+.,#"2(68'"+ 5"..'+-C

%465'#.(5'2&,#(A+"#.4+'("A.'+(1;.;+(&'8,#2'("##,='-.6G('65'#,"22@(/8'+'(.8'(&,#.,1(8"6(>''-('\'#.'=(A+;1(.8'(&'8,#2'G(5'='6.+,"-I&'8,#2' #;-."#.G(1;.;+#@#2'("##,='-.6G("-=(A"226(A+;1(1;+'(.8"-(T(1C

N2,-,#"2(6,?-6("+'(&"+,">2'("-=(4-5+'=,#.">2'("-=(.8'(=,"?-;6,6(,6(1"='(/,.8([*(5'2&,#(+"=,;?+"58(".(.8'('-=(;A(.8'(5+,1"+@(64+&'@C 7,='-,-?(;A(.8'(6@158@6,6(?+'".'+(.8"-(Q(#1(;+(&'+.,#"2(=,652"#'1'-.(;A(;-'(6,='(;A(.8'(5'2&,6(,-=,#".'6(6'&'+'(=,6+45.,;-("-=("(8,?8 2,$'2,8;;=(;A(1"\;+(8"'1;++8"?'C

J+'".1'-.

[(/,='-,-?(;+(=,"6."6,6(;A(.8'(6@158@6,6(;A(1;+'(.8"-(Q(#1(=;4>2'6(.8'(5'2&,#(&;241'C(01'+?'-#@(.+'".1'-.(",16(.;(+'=4#'(.8,6 &;241'("-=(."15;-"='(.8'(>2''=,-?(&'66'26C(K-(.8'('1'+?'-#@(+;;1G(k#2;6,-?(.8'(>;;$l(46,-?("(A;2='=(68''.(/+"55'=("+;4-=(.8' 5'2&,6G("-=(>,-=,-?(.8'(2'?6(.;?'.8'+(#"-(>4@(5+'#,;46(1,-4.'6(=4+,-?(+'646#,.".,;-C

*+;&,=,-?(.8'+'("+'(-;(;&'+I+,=,-?(",+/"@(;+(>+'".8,-?(5+,;+,.,'6G(.8'(-'E.(6.'5(,6(+"5,=G('1'+?'-#@(64+?,#"2(6.">,2,B".,;-(;A(.8'(5'2&,6 /,.8("-('E.'+-"2(A,E".;+C(J8,6("22;/6(6.+;-?(54+#8"6'(;A(>;.8(/,-?6(;A(.8'(5'2&,6(>@(1'"-6(;A(.8+'"='=(6'2AI=+,22,-?(5,-6("-=("22;/6(.8' >;;$(.;(>'(#2;6'=(>@(#2"15,-?(>;.8(8"2&'6(;A(.8'(5'2&,6(.;?'.8'+G(."15;-"=,-?(.8'(4-='+2@,-?(&'-;46(>2''=,-?C

[552,#".,;-(;A("-('E.'+-"2(A,E".;+(68;42=(."$'(5+'#'='-#'(;&'+(2"5"+;.;1@(,-(.8'(5+'6'-#'(;A("-(;5'-(>;;$(;+(&'+.,#"2(68'"+(5'2&,# A+"#.4+'G(;.8'+/,6'(.8'(2;66(;A(."15;-"='("66;#,".'=(/,.8(.8'(2"5"+;.;1@(,-#,6,;-(#"-(2'"=(.;(#"."6.+;58,#(+'.+;5'+,.;-'"2(>2''=,-?C D-#'(.8'('E.'+-"2(A,E".;+(,6("552,'=G("(=,"?-;6.,#(5'+,.;-'"2(2"&"?'(#"-(>'(5'+A;+1'=(M">;&'(.8'(41>,2,#46(.;("&;,=(.8'(5'2&,#

8"'1".;1"RC([2.'+-".,&'2@('1'+?'-#@(A;#46'=(42.+"6;4-=(1"@('E#24='("66;#,".'=(,-.+"5'+,.;-'"2(>2''=,-?C(a"5"+;.1@(#"-(>'('"6,2@ #"++,'=(;4.(/,.8(.8'('E.'+-"2(A,E".;+(,-(52"#'C

J8'('E.'+-"2(A,E".;+(#"-(>'("552,'=(,-(.8'(+'646,.".,;-(+;;1(;+(.8'(;5'+".,-?(.8'".+'(='5'-=,-?(;-(2;#"2(5;2,#@C(J8'($'@(,6(.;("552@(.8' A,E".;+("6(+"5,=2@("6(5;66,>2'C([(+'#'-.(64+&'@(;A(TO("#4.'(8;65,."26(+'&'"2'=(.8".(;-2@(Z(;A(.8'1(#;42=("552@("-('E.'+-"2(A,E".;+(/,.8,-(O 8C

[66;#,".'=(,-\4+,'6

!2"=='+(,-\4+@(Q_sG(4+'.8+"2(,-\4+@(OUsC(a,&'+("-=(652'-,#(,-\4+@G(65,-"2(A+"#.4+'G(;.8'+(2,1>(,-\4+,'6C *CUUX

*,.A"226

D5'-(A+"#.4+'6(;A(.8'(5'2&,6(1"@(>'(=,AA,#42.(.;(=,"?-;6'(=4'(.;(&"?,-"2(;+(+'#."2(5'+A;+".,;-G("-=(8"&'("(T_(.;(W_s(1;+."2,.@C !'/"+'(4+'.8+"2(,-\4+@C(<;(-;.("..'15.(.;(#".8'.'+,B'(,A(.8'+'(,6(1"+$'=(5'2&,#(=,6+45.,;-(;-(.8'(+"=,;?+"58(;+(1"+$'=(5'+,-'"2 >+4,6,-?("-=(4+'.8+"2(>2''=,-?C(N"22("(64+?';-(/8;(/,22(#"++@(;4.("-('1'+?'-#@(4+'.8+;?+"1C

KA(.8'+'(,6(-;(,15+;&'1'-.(,-(&,."2(6,?-6("A.'+('E.'+-"2(A,E".,;-(.8'-(2;;$(A;+(;.8'+(#"46'6(;A(.8'(>2''=,-?G(,C'C(,-.+"5'+,.;-'"2 M2"5"+;.;1@RG(;+("+.'+,"2(M"-?,;?+"58@R("-=('1>;2,B".,;-C

[-"'6.8'.,#(#;-6,='+".,;-6

J8'6'(5".,'-.6("+'(464"22@(,-(N2"66(KKK(68;#$("-=(-''=('"+2@(>2;;=(.+"-6A46,;-C(H,E".;+6(1"@(>'("552,'=(4-='+(a[(;+(c[C

*".,'-.6(/,.8("(A+"#.4+'=(5'2&,6(-''=("-"2?'6,"C(D5,;,=6("+'(.8'('"6,'6.('"+2@(.+'".1'-.G(>4.("-('5,=4+"2(,6('AA'#.,&'(,A(-;. #;-.+",-=,#".'=C

!"#$ %"&'()(*+,-.(*+'&,'/()(01",2()(01",2(34156."+.

!"#$%#&'$()***

78".96(:'/(,-(!;;$6

%5,-"2(,-\4+,'6(M6''("26;(5C(OZ_R

KA("(65,-"2(>;"+=(8"6(>''-(46'=(.;(.+"-6A'+(.8'(5".,'-.(.;(8;65,."2(,.(68;42=(>'(+'1;&'=("6(6;;-("6(5;66,>2'("-=(#'+.",-2@(/,.8,-(O(8C(J8' 5".,'-.(146.(>'(2;?(+;22'=(.;('-">2'("(.8;+;4?8(,-65'#.,;-("-=(5"25".,;-(;A(.8'(/8;2'(2'-?.8(;A(.8'(65,-'C([(6"A'(2;?(+;22(+'S4,+'6("(.;."2(;A A,&'(5';52'L

J8+''(.;(#;-.+;2("-=(.4+-(.8'(5".,'-.96(>;=@C

D-'(.;(1",-.",-(.8'(#'+&,#"2(65,-'(,-(-'4.+"2("2,?-1'-.(/,.8(.8'(+'6.(;A(.8'(>;=@C

D-'(.;(5"25".'(.8'(65,-;46(5+;#'66'6(A;+(.'-='+-'66(;+(='A;+1,.,'6C

J8'(5'+6;-(#;-.+;22,-?(.8'(#'+&,#"2(65,-'(68;42=(#;11"-=(.8'(.'"1C

J8;+;4?8(#2'"+"-#'(;A(.8'(5".,'-.96(65,-'(#"-(>'("(#;152'E(5+;#'66L

K-(.8'(5".,'-.(/8;(,6("/"$'G("2'+.G(6;>'+G(-'4+;2;?,#"22@(-;+1"2G("-=(/,.8;4.(=,6.+"#.,-?(,-\4+,'6G(.8'(65,-'(1"@(>'(#2'"+'=(,A(.8'+'(,6 -;(5",-(".(+'6.("-=G(64>6'S4'-.2@G(;-(A2'E,;-("-=('E.'-6,;-C

[22(;.8'+(5".,'-.6(/,22(+'S4,+'(2".'+"2G([*G("-=(;5'-I1;4.8(+"=,;?+"586(;A(.8'(#'+&,#"2(65,-'G("-=(2".'+"2("-=([*(+"=,;?+"586(;A(.8'

.8;+"#;241>"+(65,-'C

KA(.8'(#'+&,#"2(65,-'(#"--;.(>'(6''-(#2'"+2@G(=;/-(.;(.8'(\4-#.,;-(;A(.8'(6'&'-.8(#'+&,#"2(MNYR("-=(A,+6.(.8;+"#,#(MJOR(&'+.'>+"'G(" 6/,11'+96(&,'/(M2".'+"2(;>2,S4'(/,.8(;-'("+1(+",6'=R(/,22(>'(+'S4,+'=t,A(.8'6'(A",2(.;(68;/(.8'(NYIJO(\4-#.,;-G("(NJ(6#"-(/,22(>' +'S4,+'=C

K-(.8'(;>.4-='=(5".,'-.G("55"+'-.2@(#2'"+G(?;;=IS4"2,.@(+"=,;2;?,#"2(&,'/6(;A(.8'('-.,+'(65,-'(=;(-;.(.;."22@(+42'(;4.(.8'(5+'6'-#'(;A(" 6,?-,A,#"-.(2,?"1'-.;46(,-\4+@(.;(.8'(65,-'C([(6'-,;+(#2,-,#,"-(/,22(-''=(.;(='#,='(/8'.8'+(.;("##'5.(.8'(+"=,;2;?,#"2(,-&'6.,?".,;-6("6 "='S4".'(A;+(='#2"+,-?(.8'(65,-'(#2'"+t.8'+'(,6(-;(/,='65+'"=(#;-6'-646(;-(.8,6(#;-.'-.,;46(,664'C

K-(.8'(#;-6#,;46(5".,'-.G("(='.",2'=(-'4+;2;?,#"2('E"1,-".,;-(68;42=(='.'#.("-@(1;.;+(;+(6'-6;+@(='A,#,.6C(%5,-"2(#;+=(,-\4+@(#"-(>' #".'?;+,B'=("6L

,-#;152'.'(5"+"52'?," #;152'.'(5"+"52'?,"

,-#;152'.'(S4"=+,52'?," #;152'.'(S4"=+,52'?,"C

[-@(1;.;+(;+(6'-6;+@(A4-#.,;-(>'2;/(.8'(2'&'2(;A(,-\4+@(,-=,#".'6("-(,-#;152'.'(,-\4+@C([(#'+&,#"2(;+(8,?8(.8;+"#,#(,-\4+@(1"@(+'642.(,-(2;66(;A &"6;1;.;+(.;-'G(/,.8(8@5;.'-6,;-("-=(>+"=@#"+=,"C(J8,6(+'S4,+'6("55+;5+,".'(A24,=("-=(&"6;5+'66;+(.8'+"5@C(J8'(5+,-#,52'6(;A(+'646#,.".,;- A;+(.8'(65,-"2(,-\4+'=(5".,'-.("+'(14#8(.8'(6"1'("6(A;+(.8'(8'"=(,-\4+'=(5".,'-.](.8'(#;+=(5'+A46,;-(5+'664+'(68;42=(>'(1",-.",-'=("-= 8@5;E,"("&;,='=C(d,?8I=;6'(1'.8@25+'=-,6;2;-'(.8'+"5@(MT_(1?h$?(/,.8,-(.8'(A,+6.(OW(1,-G(A;22;/'=(>@(WCU(1?h$?h8(A;+(.8'(-'E.(QT(8R(1"@ ,15+;&'(-'4+;2;?,#"2(;4.#;1'(,A(6."+.'=(/,.8,-(Z(8(;A(.8'(,-\4+@C

!"#$ %"&'()(*+,-.(*+'&,'/()(01",2()(01",2(34156."+.

!"#$%#&'$()***

78".96(:'/(,-(!;;$6 a,1>(,-\4+,'6

a,1>(,-\4+,'6("+'(+"+'2@(,11'=,".'2@(2,A'(.8+'".'-,-?G(>4.(68;42=(>'('E"1,-'=(.;('-64+'("-("='S4".'(#,+#42".,;-("-=(">6'-#'(;A(-'4+;2;?,#"2 ='A,#,.C(J8'(5+,;+,.@(,6(.;(='.'#.(,-\4+,'6(.8".(1"@(>'(2,1>(.8+'".'-,-?C(H+"#.4+'6(68;42=(>'("2,?-'=(#"+'A422@("-=(652,-.'=("55+;5+,".'2@G #8'#$,-?(A;+(5426'6("A.'+('"#8(,-.'+&'-.,;-C(J,>,"2("-=(A;+'"+1(A+"#.4+'6("+'(".(5"+.,#42"+2@(8,?8(+,6$(;A(#"46,-?("(#;15"+.1'-.(6@-=+;1'C(J8' 6,?-6("-=(6@15.;16(;A(#;15"+.1'-.(6@-=+;1'("+'L

*",-(?+'".'+(.8"-('E5'#.'=("-=(,-#+'"6'=(>@(5"66,&'(6.+'.#8,-?(;A(.8'(146#2'6C *"+"'6.8'6,"'C

<'#+'"6'=(6'-6".,;-(;+(A4-#.,;-"2(2;66(;A(.8'(-'+&'6(.+"&'+6,-?(.8'(#;15"+.1'-.C J'-6'(6/'22,-?(;A(.8'(,-&;2&'=(#;15"+.1'-.C

a;66(;A(5426'6(,6("(&'+@(2".'(6,?-t"(=,6."2(5426'(,6(464"22@(5+'6'-.(,-("(#;15"+.1'-.(6@-=+;1'C

<'A,-,.,&'(=,"?-;6,6(;A("(#;15"+.1'-.(6@-=+;1'(,6(1"='(>@(1'"64+'1'-.(;A(,-.+"#;15"+.1'-."2(5+'664+'6(46,-?("(#"--42"(#;--'#.'=(.;("

.+"-6=4#'+C(K-(5".,'-.6(/,.8(-;+1"2(>2;;=(5+'664+'G(#;15"+.1'-.(5+'664+'6(,-('E#'66(;A(T_PTW(11d?("+'(,-=,#".,&'(;A("(#;15"+.1'-. 6@-=+;1'(+'S4,+,-?(4+?'-.(64+?,#"2(='#;15+'66,;-(M6''(5C(UXTRC

!"#$ %"&'()(*+,-.(*+'&,'/()(01",2()(01",2(34156."+.

!"#$%#&'$()***

78".96(:'/(,-(!;;$6 !4+-6(M6''("26;(5C(WppR

J8'(6."-="+=(k[!Nl(5+,-#,52'6("552@(.;(1"-"?,-?(5".,'-.6(/,.8(6'&'+'(>4+-6C(*".,'-.6(/,.8(6'&'+'(>4+-6(68;42=(>'(6.">,2,B'=("-=(.+"-6A'++'=

.;(.8'(-'"+'6.(>4+-6(#'-.+'C

J8'(5".,'-.(/,.8("(.8'+1"2(,-\4+@(.;(.8'(+'65,+".;+@(.+"#.(1"@(='&'2;5(",+/"@(;>6.+4#.,;-(+"5,=2@t"22(5".,'-.6(/,.8(.8'+1"2(;+(61;$'

,-\4+@(.;(.8'(+'65,+".;+@(.+"#.(146.(>'(?,&'-(841,=,A,'=G(8,?8I#;-#'-.+".,;-(;E@?'-C

e'"64+'("-("+.'+,"2(>2;;=(?"6("-=("(#"+>;E@8"'1;?2;>,-(2'&'2C

N;-6,='+(.8'(-''=(A;+('"+2@(,-.4>".,;-(,-(.8'(5+'6'-#'(;A("2.'+'=(#;-6#,;46-'66G(=,+'#.(>4+-6(.;(.8'(A"#'(;+(;+;58"+@-EG(8;"+6'-'66(;+ 6.+,=;+G(6;;.(,-(.8'(-;6.+,26(;+(654.41G('E5,+".;+@(+8;-#8,G(=@658"?,"G(=+;;2,-?("-=(=+,>>2,-?(6"2,&"C

d"&,-?('6.">2,68'=(,-.+"&'-;46("##'66G(A24,=(+'646#,.".,;-(,6(6."+.'=C N;&'+(>4+-.("+'"6(/,.8(#2,-?(A,21C

F6'(.8'(6,152'(k+42'(;A(-,-'6l(.;(5+;=4#'("-("55+;E,1".'(#"2#42".,;-(.8'(64+A"#'("+'"(;A(.8'(>4+-C(J8,6(#"-(>'(#"2#42".'=(1;+' 5+'#,6'2@(2".'+(46,-?("(a4-=("-=(!+;/='+(#8"+.C

K-(2,-'(/,.8(2;-?6."-=,-?(:;+.8([1'+,#"-(5+"#.,#'G(1"-@(>4+-6(#'-.+'6("+'(-;/(46,-?(#+@6."22;,=I>"6'=(A24,=(+'646#,.".,;-(5+;.;#;26C J8'('6.,1".'=(A24,=(+'52"#'1'-.(46,-?(#+@6."22;,=(,6(QYPU(12h($?hs(>4+-(A;+(.8'(A,+6.(QU(8C(d"2A(;A(.8,6(,6(?,&'-(,-(.8'(A,+6.(Z(8("-=(8"2A ;&'+(.8'(-'E.(OX(8C

J8'('E"#.(&;241'(;A(A24,=(?,&'-(='5'-=6(;-(&,."2(6,?-6G(#'-.+"2(&'-;46(5+'664+'G("-=(4+,-'(;4.54.C(*".,'-.6(/,.8(A422(.8,#$-'66(>4+-6(;A qO_s(;A(.8'(>;=@(64+A"#'("+'"(/,22(5+;>">2@(+'S4,+'(>2;;=C

*".,'-.6(/,.8(>4+-6(/,22(+'S4,+'(5;.'-.("-"2?'6,"t.8,6(,6(>'6.(?,&'-("6(.,.+".'=(,-.+"&'-;46(;5,;,=6C

!"#$ %"&'()(*+,-.(*+'&,'/()(01",2()(01",2(34156."+.

!"#$%#&'$()***

78".96(:'/(,-(!;;$6

[-"2?'6,"(A;+(.8'(,-\4+'=(5".,'-.

0AA'#.,&'("-"2?'6,"(68;42=(>'(?,&'-(.;(.8'(5".,'-.("6(6;;-("6(5+"#.,#"22@(5;66,>2'C(KA(.8'(5".,'-.(-''=6(64+?'+@(,11,-'-.2@G(.8'-(,11'=,".'

,-=4#.,;-(;A(?'-'+"2("-"'6.8'6,"(,6("(2;?,#"2("-=(&'+@('AA'#.,&'(6;24.,;-(.;(.8'(5".,'-.96(5",-C(KA(-;.G(,-.+"&'-;46(;5,;,=(M'C?C(A'-."-@2(;+ 1;+58,-'R(68;42=(>'(.,.+".'=(.;(.8'(='6,+'=('AA'#.C(d'"=(,-\4+'=(5".,'-.6(/,22(+'S4,+'("='S4".'(5",-(+'2,'A(A;+("-@(;.8'+(,-\4+,'6C(N"+'A42

.,.+".,;-(;A(,-.+"&'-;46(1;+58,-'(;+(A'-."-@2(/,22(5+;&,='('AA'#.,&'(5",-(+'2,'A(/,.8;4.(6,?-,A,#"-.(+'65,+".;+@(='5+'66,;-C(J8'(5;542"+(46'(;A

,-.+"146#42"+(#;=',-'(,-(8'"=(,-\4+'=(5".,'-.6(,6(,22;?,#"2C(K.(,6("(/'"$(;5,;,=("-=G(,-('S4,"-"2?'6,#(=;6'6G(,.(,6("(1;+'(5;.'-.(8,6."1,-' +'2'"6'+(.8"-(1;+58,-'C(K.(8"6(.8'(6"1'(6,='I'AA'#.6("6(1;+58,-'G(,-#24=,-?(.8'(">,2,.@(.;(,-=4#'(+'65,+".;+@(='5+'66,;-("-=(1,;6,6C(:;-I 6.'+;,="2("-.,,-A2"11".;+@(=+4?6(M:%[K<6R(5+;&,='(1;='+".'("-"2?'6,"(>4.("+'(+'2".,&'2@(#;-.+",-=,#".'=(,-(5".,'-.6(/,.8(8@5;&;2"'1,"]

.8'6'(5".,'-.6(='5'-=(;-(+'-"2(5+;6."?2"-=,-6(.;(1",-.",-(+'-"2(>2;;=(A2;/C

a;#"2("-"'6.8'.,#(>2;#$6("+'(,='"2(A;+(.8'("#4.'(.+"41"(5".,'-.C(F-A;+.4-".'2@G(+'2".,&'2@(A'/(>2;#$6("+'(>;.8(6,152'("-=('AA'#.,&'C(H'1;+"2 -'+&'(>2;#$"='(/,22(5+;&,='("-"2?'6,"(A;+("(A+"#.4+'(;A(.8'(A'1;+"2(68"A.C(K-.'+#;6."2(-'+&'(>2;#$6(/,22(5+;&,='("-"2?'6,"(A;+(+,>(A+"#.4+'6(>4.

.8'(=4+".,;-(,6(+'2".,&'2@(68;+.C(N;-.,-4;46(.8;+"#,#('5,=4+"2("-"2?'6,"(/,22(5+;&,='('E#'22'-.(5",-(+'2,'A(A;+(5".,'-.6(/,.8(142.,52'(+,> A+"#.4+'6C(J8,6(/,22(8'25(.8'(5".,'-.(.;(.;2'+".'(&,?;+;46(58@6,;.8'+"5@("-=(.;(1",-.",-("='S4".'(&'-.,2".,;-C([22(.8'6'(A"#.;+6(8'25(.;(+'=4#'

.8'(+'S4,+'1'-.(A;+(,-.4>".,;-("-=(1'#8"-,#"2(&'-.,2".,;-C

!"#$ %"&'()(*+,-.(*+'&,'/()(01",2()(01",2(34156."+.

!"#$%#&'$()***

78".96(:'/(,-(!;;$6

J8'(142.,52@(,-\4+'=(5".,'-.t#;11;-(5+;>2'16

N2,-,#"2(=,2'11"6(5+'6'-.'=(>@(.8'(5".,'-.(/,.8(142.,52'(,-\4+,'6(,-#24='L

J8'(8'"=(,-\4+'=(5".,'-.(/,.8("-(">=;1,-"2(,-\4+@t/8,#8(;A("(2"5"+;.;1@(;+(>+",-(NJ(68;42=(>'(4-='+."$'-(A,+6.z(KA(.8'(5".,'-.(,6 8"'1;=@-"1,#"22@(4-6.">2'(.8'(2"5"+;.;1@(8"6(5+,;+,.@C(d@5;.'-6,;-(/,22(#;15;4-=("-@(>+",-(,-\4+@("-=(>2''=,-?(146.(>'(#;-.+;22'= +"5,=2@C(KA(.8'(5".,'-.(,6(8"'1;=@-"1,#"22@(6.">2'G("(NJ(6#"-(;A(>;.8(.8'(>+",-("-=(.8'(">=;1'-(1"@(>'("55+;5+,".'C

J8'(8'"=(,-\4+'=(5".,'-.(/,.8(2;/'+(2,1>(A+"#.4+'6C(K-(?'-'+"2G(,-(.8'(8"'1;=@-"1,#"22@(6.">2'(5".,'-.G(2,1>(A+"#.4+'6(68;42=(>' 6.">,2,B'=("6(6;;-("6(5;66,>2'C(K-(.8'(5+'6'-#'(;A("(6,?-,A,#"-.(>+",-(,-\4+@G(,-.+"#+"-,"2(5+'664+'(68;42=(>'(1;-,.;+'=(>'A;+'

,-.+"1'=422"+@(-",2,-?(;A(2,1>(A+"#.4+'6C

J8'(5".,'-.(/,.8(5421;-"+@(#;-.46,;-("-=(2;/'+(2,1>(A+"#.4+'6C(K-.+"1'=422"+@(+'"1,-?(/,22(#"46'(6;1'(='?+''(;A(A".('1>;2,61C

78'.8'+(.8,6(+'642.6(,-(6,?-,A,#"-.(+,6$(.;(.8'(5".,'-.(,6(#;-.'-.,;46C(K-(.8'(5+'6'-#'(;A(6'&'+'(5421;-"+@(#;-.46,;-G(6;1'(;+.8;5"'=,# 64+?';-6(/;42=('2'#.(.;(6.">,2,B'(2;/'+(2,1>(A+"#.4+'6(.'15;+"+,2@(/,.8("-('E.'+-"2(A,E".;+(>'A;+'(4-='+."$,-?(='A,-,.,&'(-",2,-?(".("

2".'+(=".'C

f'2".,&'6(,-(.8'(+'646#,.".,;-(+;;1

K.(,6(,-#+'"6,-?2@(#;11;-(A;+("(+'2".,&'(.;(+'1",-(,-(.8'(+'646#,.".,;-(+;;1(/8,2'(.8'(5".,'-.(,6(>',-?(+'646#,.".'=C(J8'(.+"41"(.'"1(146.(>' 1"='("/"+'(;A(.8'(5+'6'-#'(;A(.8'(+'2".,&'("-=("(1'1>'+(;A(.8'('1'+?'-#@(='5"+.1'-.(-4+6,-?(6."AA(68;42=("##;15"-@(.8'1C(f'2".,&'6 68;42=(>'(/"+-'=(>'A;+'("-@(5"+.,#42"+2@(,-&"6,&'(5+;#'=4+'6(6;(.8".(.8'@(8"&'(.8'(;5.,;-(.;(2'"&'(,A(.8'@(/,68C