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32. i) Everything selected for a landscape must complement the central scheme. 2) It is possible to use transition to extend visual dimensions beyond actual dimensions. 3) There is a distinct dividing line between the two sides. 4) Unity can be achieved by using mass planting and repetition.

33. 4. Find synonyms to the following words and translate them into Russian: to fit, scene, area, to assist, sequence, private, effective, character, color, order, attraction, image, various.

34. TEXT 4

35. Read the text. Use a dictionary if necessary.

36. Principles of Design (part II)

37. Proportion refers to the size of parts of the design in relation to each other and to the design as a whole. One large towering oak may compliment an office building but would probably dwarf a single story residence. A three-foot pool would be lost in a large open lawn but would fit beautifully into a small private area. And of course, a colossal fountain would dominate a private garden but could enhance a large city plaza.

38. Proportion in landscape design usually relates to people and their activities. The desired size relationships of components in a design should pose little problem for the designer who considers this principle routinely in systematic thought processes.

39. Rhythm is achieved when the elements of a design create a feeling of motion which leads the viewer's eye through or even beyond the designed area.

40. Tools like color schemes, line and form can be repeated to attain rhythm in landscape design. Rhythm reduces confusion in the design.

41. Focalization involves the leading of visual observation toward a feature by placement of this feature at the vanishing point between radial or approaching Vines. Straight radial lines create a strong focalization when compared to curved lines. The viewer's eye is quickly forced along straight lines to a focal point. Generally, weaker or flowing lines of focalization are desirable in the residential landscape. Transition of plants or other objects along these lines can strengthen or weaken the focalization. Curved lines are stronger when curved toward each other than when curved outward. Indirect focalization is created by lines curved in the same direction. Focalization can be adjusted by plant materials along the lines to create symmetrical or asymmetrical focalization. Asymmetrical focalization is indirect while symmetrical focalization is more direct, creating stronger focalization.

42. Since focalization can be used to direct attention to a point, traffic in an area is usually directed to that point. Therefore, focalization could be used to direct traffic in a garden area. Guidance of view toward features of commercial,

43. aesthetic or cultural value may attract the eye of the unaware without conscious

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46. Repetition refers to the repeated use of features like plants with identical shape, line, form, texture and/or color. Too much repetition creates monotony but when used effectively can lead to rhythm, focalization or emphasis. Unity can be achieved better by no other means than repetition. Think of repetition as not having too much variety in the design which creates a cluttered or busy appearance.

47. Simplicity goes hand-in-hand with repetition and can be achieved by elimination of unnecessary detail. Too much variety or detail creates confusion of perception. Simplicity is the reduction of a design to its simplest, functional form, which avoids unnecessary cost and maintenance.

48. 1. Summarize the ideas of Text 3 and Text 4 and give short definitions of the terms: unity, balance, transition, focalization, proportion, rhythm, repetition

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51. 2. Complete the sentences choosing the right variant:

52. 1). One large towering oak may compliment...

53. a) a private garden; b) a single story residence; c) a large open lawn; d) a small private area; e) an office building; f) a large city plaza. 2). Repetition refers to...

54. a) details, created confusion of perception; b) the repeated use of features like line, form, texture and/or color; c) the repeated use of features like plants with identical shape; d) aesthetic or cultural value. 3). Too much variety or detail creates...

55. a) a cluttered or busy appearance; b) the vanishing point; c) symmetrical and asymmetrical focalization; d) confusion of perception.

56. 3. Ask 10 tag-questions on the text for your groupmates to answer.

57. Unit VII Landscape Design for Private Gardens TEXT 1

58. Read the text and write its plan in Russian.

59. What do you want in it and how are you going to use it? The best way to answer these questions is by making a checklist of everything you (your family or client) want from a garden. The list will probably be a mixture that includes: objects, such as a pond or a greenhouse, activities, such as sunbathing or entertaining; desirable qualities, such as informality, ease of maintenance or an open aspect; and notes about a family's needs and preferences, such as a safe play space for toddlers or raised beds that will be easy on your bad back.

60. To start with you should think about the role the garden is going to play. Questions to consider are, for example, whether you want to use it primarily for relaxation, and if so will this include playing games as well as just sitting enjoying the view? Or are you such a keen plantsperson that you would rather devote most of your time to cultivation?

61. The design of any garden should be broadly influenced by who is to use it, and when. The requirements of a family with young children are not the same as those of a professional couple, or of retired or disabled people. Some plots are actively gardened by enthusiasts; others are simply regarded as an outdoor living space, a useful extension of the house in which plants may happen to grow. Some gardens are used only at weekends. Some come to life in the evenings. Some are neglected in the summer, when the owners go away on holiday for several weeks at a time.

62. People also have different priorities. Some don't mind an informal muddle.

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65. only in how much time they have available, but also in their attitude to their gardening time: what is a chore to one is a pleasurable or therapeutic activity to another. Both weeding and lawn maintenance come into this class of activit^v.

66. When you are thinking about these issues in relation to your own garden, be realistic both about the amount of upkeep that you are prepared to expend on it, and about whether the potential features that you specify on your detailed checklist are really compatible with the way you want to want to use the garden.

67. If your family enjoys vigorous ball games, beautiful but fragile plants edging your herbaceous borders won't survive; if very young children use the garden often, a natural pond will be too dangerous; if you don't enjoy the regular mowing or careful maintenance a lawn needs, it might be better to choose some other form of ground cover.

68. Once you have thought about these general ideas, you can compile a more detailed checklist and see how weii these specific ideas will fit in with the purposes you have considered. The items on the checklist might include favourite plants or plant themes, ornaments, areas for sitting, sunbathing, cooking out. and practicalities such as climbing frames and compost heaps. Now is the time to list the garden delights you always wanted - a fountain perhaps, or a rose arbour, a birdbath, a barbecue, a beehive. The next stage will be to try to plan them into the plot.

69. Some of these specific requirements may be completely in line with the general ideas. Others may need more thought to make them fit in comfortably, or special designs so they work in the context of the garden - especially where space is at a premium. For example an area may have to serve more than one purpose. You can accommodate useful and edible plants attractively in a primarily ornamental garden - herb beds, pots, and climbing beans or peas as vertical features or screens are all attractive. You can incorporate low-maintenance strategies to make mowing easier or to suppress weeds, and automatic devices can reduce the amount of attention something like a greenhouse needs. Functional utilities such as compost heaps, mower-sheds or clothes-drying areas, can often be made attractive, disguised and camouflaged, or screened away out of sight. Fitting these ideas and practicalities together is all part of a good design. 1. Answer the following questions:

70. 1) What starting points does the design process begin with? 2) What sort of the garden would you like to create? Describe it. 3) What is the best way to answer

71. the questions about a garden? 4) Who is the design of any garden influenced by? 5) What are the difference between the requirements of a family with young children and a professional couple concerning a garden design? 6) How much time in your opinion do people spend in their gardens? 7) What items might the checklist include? 8) What requirements may need more thought to make them fit in a plan a garden? Give examples. 9) What functional utilities should be made attractive? 10) What is a good design in your opinion?

2. Read the text again, divide it into logical parts and entitle each part so as to make a plan.

3. Write a summary of the text according to your plan.

72. TEXT 2

73. Read the te>'t and sa^v whs*t new information it contains.

74. steps in developing a landscape design

75. The benefits of an organized system in developing a landscape design are tremendous. As with most endeavors, the level of efficiency relative to time input is greatly increased with an organized approach. The plan for the landscape designer should follow a sequence such as the one presented here;

76. Steps in Design

1. Develop a plot plan.

2. Conduct a site analysis.

3. Assess family needs and desires.

4. Locate activity areas.

5. Design activity areas.

6. Plant selection and placement.

77. Develop a Plot Plan It is difficult to visualize certain aspects of design without putting it to scale on paper. The designer should think with drawings or sketches and make the mistakes on paper not on the landscape site. The plot plan should consist of 1) accurate house placement on the lot, 2) accurate lot and house dimensions with window and door placement and 3) existing driveways and/or walks. It saves a lot of time if the customer has an accu^*** r\\ot r%fth^ Ьлнса апЯ \ы onH а Ь.оиер floor plan with outside dimensions. These plans maybe secured from the builder, developer or county or city property records. Although the floor plan scale will probably be different from the scale you use, it will still be easier to convert the scale than to physically measure the house, lot, etc.

78. Once the house position on the lot has been determined, this should be drawn to a predetermined scale on tracing paper placed over grid paper. Commonly, i inch equals 5 feet or 1 inch equals iO feet, but you may choose another scale based upon your drawing equipment and project dimensions. Recommended drawing equipment includes: drafting pencils, T-square, scaled rulers, triangle, art gum eraser, drafting tape, grid paper (8 or 10 squares to the inch) and tracing or drafting paper. The designer must have a firm, steady working surface.

79. 1= Ask some questions on the text for your groupmates to answer,

2. What equipment and devices are recommended for making a plot plan?

3. Match the English words and word-combinations with their Russian equivalents. Practice back translation with a partner to better memorize them: