- •Unit 1 history of computers.
- •Inventors and their inventions
- •Computer revolution
- •Text a. The first calculating devices
- •Text b. The first computers
- •Some first computer models
- •1. Babbage's Analytical Engine
- •2. The Mark I Computer (1937-1944)
- •3. The abc (1939-1942)
- •Text c. Four generations of computers
- •Text d. The rise of ibm
- •Text e. The rise of the personal computer
- •Grammar
- •§ 1. Passive Voice (Страдательный залог)
- •Grammar Exercises
- •1. Переведите глагол to invite «приглашать» соответствующим временем. Дайте все возможные варианты перевода данных предложений.
- •2. Поставьте глагол to be в требуемом по смыслу времени.
- •3. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на форму глагола (действительный, страдательный залог).
- •4. Определите залог и видо-временную форму глагола. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
- •5. Замените действительный залог страдательным залогом.
- •Vw cars are made in Germany.
- •6. Раскройте скобки, используя нужную форму страдательного залога.
- •7. Переведите на английский язык.
- •§ 2. Participle I (Причастиe I).
- •Способы перевода на русский язык
- •Grammar exercises
- •8. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на причастия настоящего времени.
- •9. Раскройте скобки, употребив причастие настоящего времени в активной и пассивной форме.
- •10. Раскройте скобки, употребив Indefinite или Perfect Participle I. Переведите.
- •§ 3. Participle II (Причастие II)
- •Grammar exercises
- •11. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на причастие прошедшего времени.
- •12. Раскройте скобки, употребив причастие прошедшего времени. Переведите.
- •13. Переведите следующие словосочетания на русский язык, сравнивая значения Participle I и Participle II в функции определения.
- •16. Раскройте скобки, выбрав нужную форму причастия.
- •§ 4. Независимый причастный оборот.
- •Grammar exercises
- •17. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод сложных форм причастия и независимого причастного оборота.
- •§ 5. Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.
- •Grammar exercises
- •19. Переведите предложения. Проанализируйте употребление модальных глаголов в следующих предложениях:
- •20. Переведите предложения на русский язык:
- •21. Замените модальные глаголы соответствующими эквивалентами:
- •22. Вставьте необходимые модальные глаголы:
- •23. Заполните пропуски соответствующими модальными глаголами:
- •24. Переведите предложения:
- •25. Переведите предложения:
Some first computer models
1. Babbage's Analytical Engine
In 1832, an English inventor and mathematician Charles Babbage was commissioned by the British government to develop a system for calculating the rise and fall of the tides.
Babbage designed a device and called it an analytical engine. It was the first programmable computer, complete with punched cards for data input. Babbage gave the engine the ability to perform different types of mathematical operations. The machine was not confined to simple addition, subtraction, multiplication, or division. It had its own "memory", due to which the machine could use different combinations and sequences of operations to suit the purposes of the operator.
The machine of his dream was never realized in his life. Yet Babbage's idea didn't die with him. Other scientists made at-tempts to build mechanical, general-purpose, stored-program computers throughout the next century. In 1941 a relay computer was built in Germany by Conrad Zuse. It was a major step toward the realization of Babbage's dream.
2. The Mark I Computer (1937-1944)
In 1944 in the United States, International Business Machines (IBM) built a machine in cooperation with scientists working at Harvard University under the direction of Prof. Aik-en. The machine, called Mark I Automatic Sequence-Controlled Calculator, was built to perform calculations for the Manhattan Project, which led to the development of atomic bomb. It was the largest electromechanical calculator ever built. It used over 3000 electrically actuated switches to control its operations. Although its operations were not controlled electronically, Aiken's machine is often classified as a computer because its instructions, which were entered by means of a punched paper tape, could be altered. The computer could create ballistic tables used by naval artillery.
The relay computer had its problems. Since relays are electromechanical devices, the switching contacts operate by means of electromagnets and springs. They are slow, very noisy and consume a lot of power.
3. The abc (1939-1942)
The work on introducing electronics into the design of computers was going on.
The gadget that was the basis for the first computer revolution was the vacuum tube, an electronic device invented early in the twentieth century. The vacuum tube was ideal for use in computers. It had no mechanical moving parts. It switched flows of electrons off and on at rates far faster than possible with any mechanical device. It was relatively reliable, and operated hundreds of hours before failure. The first vacuum tube computer was built at Iowa University at about the same time as the Mark I. The computer, capable to perform thousands of related computations, was called ABC, the Atanasoff-Berry Computer, after Dr.John Atanasoff, a professor of physics and his assistant, Clifford Berry. It used 45 vacuum tubes for internal logic and capacitors for storage. From the ABC a number of vacuum-tube digital computers developed.
Soon the British developed a computer with vacuum tubes and used it to decode German messages.
Exercise 17. Exchange the variants and formulate the main idea of the texts above.
Exercise 18. Read and give the summary of the text below in a) Russian and in b) English.