Drozdova_gram

Ex. 7. Write positive and negative short answers {Yes, I am./No, he isn't, etc.)

1.	Are you married? No. I'm not.				6.	Is it light now?
2.	Is she tall? Ves. she is.				7.	Are your hands warm?
3.	Is it cold today?				8.	Are you thirsty?
4.	Are you an engineer?				9. Is your father tall?
5.	Are you hungry?				10. Is it sunny?

Ex. 8. Translate into English.

1 .Твой брат дома? 2. Сколько стоят эти открытки? 3. Эта гостиница очень дорогая. 4. Я интересуюсь искусством. 5. Все магазины сегодня открыты. 6. Музей сегодня

открыт? 7. Мне жарко. 8. Моя сестра архитектор. 9. Я не устала. 10. Откуда родом ее муж? 11. Они не студенты, они врачи. 12. Тебе интересны иностранные языки?

		THE VERB 'ТО BE' IN THE PAST INDEFINITE TENSE
POSITIVE FORM		NEGATIVE FORM				QUESTIONS
I	was	I	was		not	Was	I?
You	were	You	were		not	Were	you?
He	was	He	was		not	Was	he?
She	was	She	was		not	Was	she?
It	was	It	was		not	Was	it?
We	were	We	were		not	Were	we?
You	were	You	were		not	Were	you?
They	were	They	were		not	Were	they?
		was	not	= wasn't
		were	not	= weren't

•I was tired last night.

•The weather was good when we were on holiday.

•The hotel wasn't very expensive.

•Where were you at 5 o'clock yesterday?

EXERCISES (A)

Ex. 9. Put in am/is/are/was/were. Some sentences are present and some are past.

1.Last year their son was 26, so he J§_ 27 now.

2.

Today the weather

nice, but yesterday it

cold.

3.

I

cold. Can

I have something hot to drink?

4.

I

hungry last night, so I had something to eat.

5.

Where

you at 10 o'clock last Sunday morning?

6.

Don't

buy those

shoes. They

too expensive.

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7.	Why		you so tired yesterday?
8.	We	must go now. It				very late.
9.	This time last year I					in England.

10. We

arrived home, so we went to bed.

tired when we

a famous Russian writer.

11. Anton Chekhov died in 1904. He

12. "Where

the dogs?" - "I don't know.

They

in the garden ten minutes ago."

Ex. 10. Put in was/wasn't/were/weren't.

1.

We didn't like that house. It was very old and it

wasn't large enough.

2.

Helen got married when she

21 years old.

3.

I called you yesterday evening but you

at home. Where

you?

4.

My son

ill. He's

at work last week because he

better now.

5.

open yesterday because it

a public holiday.

The shops

6.

"

you at

home at 9.30?" - "No, I

. I

at work."

Ex. 11. Translate into English.

1.Где они были вчера вечером?

2.Почему ты вчера опоздал?

3.Его вчера не было в институте.

4.Меня там не было.

5.Ее не было дома в 5 часов.

2. "THERE /5 (ARE)' CONSTRUCTION

We use "there is (are)" constructions talking about the existence of people, things, etc.

These constructions have the meaning "есть", "имеется", "находится", "существует".

The verb "to be" in such constructions can be used in different tense forms: there is/are

there was/were there will be

there has/have been there had been

•There are many French books in this library.

•There was a meeting at the club yesterday.

•There will be a good crop in this region this year.

•There hasn't been any rain for some days.

	WORD ORDER
. . ...	. . ^	adverbial modifier of place
• there,s( are)" +	subject +	adverbial modifier of time

The corresponding Russian sentences begin with adverbial modifiers.

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Russian

English

В моей комнате есть (имеется) телефон. There is a telephone in mvroom.

В саду (имеется) много яблонь.

There are many apple-trees in the garden.

Вчера в институте было собрание. There was a meeting at the Insitute vesterdav.

The verb "to be" in such constructions can be used with modal verbs (can, may, must, ought to):

•There must be a dictionary on the shelf.

•There can be no doubt about it.

•There ought to be more books on the subject in our library.

We can also use some other verbs after "there" - to live, to exist, to stand, to lie, etc.:

•There lived an old doctor in the village.

•There exist different opinions on this problem.

If the subjects are of different number the predicate agrees with the subject that stands first:

•There is a table and six chairs in the room.

•There were some books and a dictionary on the table.

INTERROGATIVE AND NEGATIVE FORMS

•Is there a telephone in your room?

•Was there a meeting at the Institute?

•Will there be many people there?

- No, there isn't.

No, there is no telephone in my room.

-No, there wasn't.

-No, there won't.

No, there won't be any people there.

Mind that the sentences: "There is a book on the table" and "The book is on the table" have different meaning. The first one shows that there is something Г'а book") in that place, the second one shows that the object ("the book") we now are speaking about or looking for is in that place ("on the table").

EXERCISES

Ex. 1. (A, B) Use "there is(are)" construction in the necessary tense form.

1. Look!

their telephone number in the letter. 2. Chichester is a very old town.

many old

buildings there. 3. Excuse me,

a restaurant near here?

4. How many students

in your group? 5.1

was hungry

but

anything

to eat. 6.

a

football match on TV last night. 7

many people at the

meeting?

8. Look!

an accident. Call the

ambulance! 9.

24 hours

in a day. 10. This

nothing in it. 11.

box is empty.

somebody at

the airport to meet you when you arrive tomorrow. 12. When we arrived at the cinema long queue outside.

Ex. 2. (A, B) Ask questions to the following statements, then answer them according to the pattern.

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Pattern: There is a good programme on TV tonight.

-Is there a good programme on TV tonight?

-Yes, there is.

There aren't any theatres in my town.

-Are there any theatres in your town?

-No, there are not/there aren't.

1.There is a cat in the window. 2. There are a few changes in the text. 3. There are plenty of glasses in the cupboard. 4. There were a lot of people at the stadium. 5. There isn't anything on the plate. 6. There wasn't anybody in the room. 7. There are difficult exercises in this book.

8.There is something on the shelf. 9. There will be some interesting programmes on TV tomorrow. 10. There are several empty seats in the room. 11. There weren't any pears on the plate.

Ex. 3. (A, B) Translate into English.

A

1. В этом журнале много интересных статей. 2. В нашем городе много музеев и театров. 3. В этой комнате есть телефон? 4. В этой комнате два окна. 5. В чашке не было чая. 6. Сколько статей было в этом журнале? - Там было несколько статей.

7.Сколько студентов в аудитории? - Двадцать. 8. Рядом с нашим домом будет парк.

9.На этой улице была школа? 10. На столе лежит несколько книг.

В

1.Рядом с нашим домом есть школа. Школа находится рядом с нашим домом.

2.В городе несколько театров. Театры находятся в центре города. 3. В вазе стояли цветы. Цветы стояли в красивой вазе. 4. В театре много детей. Дети сейчас в театре.

5.Существует несколько способов решения этой задачи. Способы решения этой

задачи приведены на странице 5.

3. THE VERB ТО HAVEл

		THE VERB 'ТО HAVE' IN THE PRESENT INDEFINITE TENSE
	POSITIVE FORM			NEGATIVE FORM			QUESTIONS
I	have	(got)	(I've got)	I	have	not got	Have	I	got?
You	have	(got)	(you've got)	You	have	not got	Have	you	got?
He	has	(got)	(he's got)	He	has	not got	Has	he	got?
She	has	(got)	(she's got)	She	has	not got	Has	she	got?
It	has	(got)	(it's got)	It	has	not got	Has	it	got?
We	have (got)		(we've got)	We	have	not got	Have	we	got?
You	have (got)		(you've got)	You	have	not got	Have	you	got?
They have		(got)	(they've got)	They	have	not got	Have	they	got?

have not got = haven't got has not got = hasn't got

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•I've got a cat but I haven't got a dog.

•What have you got in your bag?

In negatives and questions you can also use do/does + have (see the chart on p. 18):

•They don't have any children. (= They haven't got any children.)

•It's a nice house but it doesn't have a garden. (= it hasn't got a garden.)

•Does Ann have a car? (= Has Ann got a car?)

•How much money do you have? (= How much money have you got?)

When the verb to have is used in the following expressions:

- to have dinner /breakfast	- обедать, завтракать
- to have tea/coffee, etc.	- пить чай, кофе и т.д.
- to have a bath/a shower	- принять ванну, душ
- to have a shave/a wash	- побриться, помыться
- to have a rest/a sleep/a dream, etc.	- отдохнуть, поспать, помечтать и т.д.
- to have a holiday/a good time, etc.	- отдохнуть, хорошо провести время и т.д.

in negative and interrogative forms it takes the auxiliary verb to do:

•Do you have tea or coffee for breakfast?

•Where does he have dinner?

Note that have stresses the idea of regularity, have got is linked with "now" and means a particular thing. In spoken English the form I've got is used almost universally for I have in the sense of"/ own (possess)".

•I have a cup of tea for breakfast in the morning (usually).

•I haven't got tea for breakfast this morning.

The past of have is had. In negatives and questions we use did + have.

I had	I did not have	Did I have?
	I didn't have

EXERCISES

Ex. 1. (A) Write the short form (we've got/he hasn't got, etc.).

1. we have got we've got	3. they have got_	5. it has got
2. he has got	4. she has not got	6.1 have not got
Ex. 2. (A) Write questions.

1.(you/a bicycle?) Have vou got a bicvcle?

2.(you/a VCR?)

3.(your father/a car?)

4.(Carol/many friends?)

5.(Mr and Mrs Lewis/any children?) ,

6.(how much money/you?)

7.(what kind of car/John?)

?

?

?

?

?

9

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Ex. 3. (A) What have Alice and Keith got? What have you got? Look at the information and write sentences about Alice, Keith and yourself.

				Alice (she)	Keith (he)			you?
a camera				no	yes			?
a car				yes	no			?
black hair				no	no			?
brothers/sisters				two brothers	one sister			?
1.	(Keith/a camera) Keith has got a camera.				7. (Alice/black hair)
2.	(I/black hair)			I've got black hair.	8. (Alice/two brothers)
	(	or: I	haven't got black hair.)		9. (Keith/black hair)
3.	(Alice/a camera) Alice				10. (Alice/a car)
4.	(I/a camera) I
					11. (Keith/a sister)
5.	(I/a car)				12.(I/brothers/sisters)
6.	(Keith/a car)

Ex. 4. (A, B) Put in have got('ve got), has got('s got), haven't got or hasn't got.

1.They like flowers. They've got a lot of roses in their garden.

2.Jane hasn't got a car. She goes everywhere by bicycle.

3.	Everybody likes Tom. He							a lot of friends.
4.	Mr and Mrs Eastwood						two	children, a boy and a girl.
5.	This insect				six legs.
6.	I can't open	the door. I					a key.
7.	Quick! Hurry! We					much time.
8.	"What's wrong?" - "I					_ something in my eye".
9.	Ben doesn't read much. He.							many books.
10.	It's a nice town. It					a very nice shopping centre.
11.	Mother is going to the dentist. She							a toothache.
12.	"Where's my newspaper?" - "I don't know.								it."
13. Julia wants to go on holiday but she								any money.
14.	I'm not going to work today. I							a bad cold.

Ex. 5. (В, C) Extend the sentences according to the pattern.

Pattern: I always have sandals in the summer. (this summer)

Ihaven't got any sandals this summer.

1.They have seminars every month, (this month)

2.They have a lot of flowers in their garden every summer, (this summer)

3.We have a letter from home every week, (this week)

4.He often has a sore throat, (today)

5; I usually have warm shoes in the winter, (this winter)

6.She has a new dress every summer, (this summer)

7.They always have a light supper, (tonight)

8.I often have a headache in the evening, (tonight)

9.I often have fish for dinner, (today)

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Ex. 6. (В, С) Translate into English.

1.У них есть три собаки и три кошки.

2.У нее большие зеленые глаза.

3.У моего брата голубая машина.

4.Сколько у вас земли?

5.У нас не было машины в прошлом году.

6.У меня вчера болела голова.

7.Когда вы пьете чай?

8.Мы хорошо провели время вчера.

9.Она хорошо провела отпуск на юге.

10.У вас есть книги по истории Англии?

4. ENGLISH TENSES ACTIVE

The category of tense denotes the relation of the action either to the moment of speaking or to some definite moment in the past or future. The category of tense and the category of aspect are intermingled.

The category of aspect shows the way in which the action develops, whether it is in progress or completed, etc. There are four groups of tenses: Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect, Perfect Continuous. The Indefinite form has no aspect characteristics whatever, the Continuous, Perfect and Perfect Continuous forms denote both time and aspect relations.

INDEFINITE shows an action

as a fact (customary, repeated)

CONTINUOUS shows an action as a process

PERFECT shows an action

completed before a definite moment, connected with it

PERFECT CONTINUOUS

shows an action

in progress, whose duration before a definite moment is expressed

PRESENT
PAST	verb
FUTURE
PRESENT	to be + -ing
PAST
FUTURE
PRESENT
PAST	to have + Participle II
FUTURE

PRESENT

PAST	to have been + -ing

FUTURE

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		ENGLISH TENSES (ACTIVE)
	INDEFINITE	CONTINUOUS		PERFECT
	verb	be + -ing		have + III form
	ask(s)	am		have	asked
		is	asking	has
		are
	*Repeated,	*Action (process) going		*Completed action
111	customary action.	on at the present moment.		connected with
a				the present; result.
	usually/generally	now,		already/yet
к
o.	always/never	atpresent,		ever/never
	often/seldom	at the moment		lately/recently
	sometimes			this week/today
	Tact.	*Future action planned		by now
	*Future action (to	before.
	a timetable, schedule).

PERFECT

CONTINUOUS

have been + -ing

have

h a s been asking

*Action (process) which began in the past and is still going on now. for a month/a long time since 5 o'clock

how long/since when

asked took

*Action (succession of actions) in the past.

H

</>

<

Q.

yesterday last week 3 days ago

was asking were

*Action (process) taking place at a given moment in the past.

at 5 yesterday

from 5 to 6 yesterday for 3 days last week

all day long/the whole day when we came

had asked

*Action completed before a certain moment in the past.

by 5 о 'clock yesterday before he came

by the end of last year

*At sequence of tenses.

had been asking

*Action (process) which began before a definite moment in the past and was still going at that moment.

He had been working for 2 hours, when my brother came.

Ill

К

will ask	will be asking
'Future action.	*Action (process) taking
	place at a given moment
	in the future.
tomorrow	at 5 tomorrow
next week	from 5 to 6 tomorrow
in 3 days	for 3 days next week
in 2017	all day long tomorrow
	when he comes

will have asked will have been asking

* Action completed before a definite moment in the future.

by 5 o'clock tomorrow when he comes

by next summer

*Action (process) which will begin before a definite moment in the future and will be going on

at that moment.

When you come, I'll have been working

for 2 hours.

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5.THE INDEFINITE (SIMPLE) FORMS

5.1THE PRESENT INDEFINITE (SIMPLE) TENSE

It is formed from the Infinitive without the particle "to":
AFFIRMATIVE			NEGATIVE			INTERROGATIVE
	work		do	not	work	Do		work?
He	works	He	does	not	work	Does	he	work?
She	works	She	does	not	work	Does	she	work?
It	works	It	does	not	work	Does	it	work?
We	work	We	do	not	work	Do	we	work?
You	work	You	do	not	work	Do	you	work?
They	work	They do		not	work	Do	they	work?

do not = don't does not = doesn't

The Present Indefinite (Simple) may denote:

1.a permanent action fa fact):

•She speaks English. They live in France.

2.the general truth:

•The Earth rotates round its axis.

•Vegetables grow well in this climate.

3.a repeated, customary action:

•The Browns go to the seaside every summer.

•We write two tests each term.

4.a future action if planned beforehand:

•The train leaves at 10 tomorrow.

EXERCISES

Ex. 1. (A) Answer the following questions according to the model:

Model: What does a driver do? - He drives. What do drivers do? - Thev drive.

1. What does a singer do? 2. What does a runner do? 3. What do students do? 4. What does a dancer do? 5. What do cooks do? 6. What do dancers do? 7. What does a painter do? 8. What do teachers do? 9. What does a typist do? 10. What do painters do? 11. What do writers do?

Ex. 2. (A) Write the following sentences in the 3rd person singular.

1.1 think I am ill. 2. They often visit their granny. 3. We live in Leeds. 4. You usually speak too quickly. 5. Do you like boiled potatoes? 6. Good animals always obey their masters. 7. The boys box in the gymnasium on Fridays. 8. His dogs always attack the neighbours. 9. Heavy trucks make a lot of noise.

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Ex. 3. (A) Write the following sentences a) in the negative,

b)in the interrogative.

1.She understands the rule. 2. He usually has breakfast at 8 o'clock. 3. The lecture starts at

10.15.4.The flowers look fresh. 5. She usually walks in the morning. 6. He has coffee in the

evening. 7. She remembers them well. 8. He plays chess very well. 9. She leaves home at 10 o'clock every day. 10. Ann misses you badly. 11. They feel very cold. 12. Tom looks sick. 13. They harvest grapes in March. 14. The last boat sails at 10 p.m. 15. That train goes very fast.

Ex. 4. (A, B) Put the verb in brackets into the Present Indefinite.

1. Oscar Wilde and Bernard Shaw (be) the most witty British writers. 2. Fishermen often

(tell) tales about their catches. 3. Their children (go) to a private school. 4. Little Amanda

(collect) all sorts of toy-pigs. 5. My father (like) a lot of milk in his tea and a few lumps of sugar. 6. Anything that he (say) (be) worth listening to. 7. We usually (spend) our holidays in Spain. 8. My English friends (live) in a nice house that (stand) on a hill that (overlook) lake Windermere, which (be) in the Lake District. 9. What this sentence (mean)? 10.1 (live) in Tver, which (be) my native town. 11. My brother (sing) in Italian opera. 12. My sister (have) a good appetite and she always (eat) heartily. 13. Let's go outside. It (be) terribly hot in the house. 14. What you (see) over there? 15. In England the traffic (keep) to the left but on the

Continent it (keep) to the right. 16. This map (be) the largest that we (have). 17. They often (come) to see me in my town house. 18. The twittering of birds in the trees in spring (be) a pleasant sound.

Ex. 5. (A, B) Answer the questions using the Present Indefinite.

1. What time do you go to the Institute? (generally, usually) 2. What do you do on Sunday mornings? (often) 3. How do you spend your leisure time? (usually, occasionally) 4. What sort of radio programmes do you listen to? (usually, often, always) 5. How do you help your parents? (always, sometimes, usually) 6. What sort of films do you enjoy? (nearly always) 7. Where do you read for your examinations? (normally, sometimes) 8. Where do you have your meals? (usually, sometimes) 9. What do you take if you have a headache? (generally, usually) 10. How do you celebrate your birthday? (nearly always, occasionally)

Ex. 6. (A, B) Put the verb in brackets into the correct form.

Examples: The lecture begins at 10 o'clock (begin).

How many languages do you speak (you/speak)?

1.

What time

(the museums/open) in St.-Petersburg?

2.

I have a

bike but I

(not/use) it very often.

3.

How many cups of

tea

(you/drink) a day?

4.

"What

(you/do)?" - "I am a

chemical engineer."

5.

"Where

(your father/come)

from?" - "He

(come) from Minsk."

6.

If you need help, why

(you/not/ask)

for it?

7.

I

(play)

the guitar, but I

(not/play) very well.

8.

I

(mean)?

don't understand the word "maintain". What "maintain"

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