31. The pronoun in og languages and in Modern English

OG pronouns fell roughly under the same main classes as ME pronouns: personal, demonstrative, interrogative and indefinite. They had the same categories as Nouns.

Most OG pronouns have the categories of person, number, case, and gender. In the plural form most OG pronouns have only one form for all genders.

Most OG pronouns are declined by four main cases: Nominative, Genitive, Dative, and Accusative.

In ME only some pronouns have the grammatical categories of person, gender, case, and number. The categories of person and gender (in the third person singular) exist only in personal and possessive pronouns.

ME pronouns have two cases but whereas some pronouns have the Nominative and objective cases, others have the common and Genitive cases.

OG pronouns have three numbers: singular, plural and so-called dual («we two", "you two" or "they two").

ME pronouns have only two numbers: singular and plural.

Many OG pronouns are quite similar to their modern equivalents. For example, OG ūre became "our", mīn became "mine" and others.

32. The numerals and adverbs in og languages and in me.

In OG languages, as well as in the ME, numerals were a part of nominal group. They were divided into such types as cardinal and ordinal. Ordinary numerals were derived from cardinals with the help of suffixes tjo-to.

Some OG numerals, unlike ME numerals, had the form of cases - Nominative, Genitive and Dative.

OG numerals from one to three were declined as a strong Adjective and from four to nineteen were usually invariable if used as attributes to a substantive, but they were declined if used without a substantive.

OG cardinal numerals were declined as weak adjectives.

ME cardinal numerals from 1 to 12 and 100, 1000, 1000000 are simple words. Numerals from 13 to 19 are derivatives with the suffix -teen. The cardinal numerals indicating tens are formed with the help of the suffix -ty.

With the exception of the first, second and third the ME ordinal numerals are formed from cardinal with the help of the suffix -th.

Adverb

There were several structural types of OG adverbs:

1)simple(primary), usually monosyllabic(inn 'inside', ūt 'near');

2)adverbs with suffixes(-e- hēr 'here', -a- sonā 'soon');

3)adverbs derived from a case noun form, usually Genitive or Dative(anes-'once');

4)adverbs formed by the use of preposition and the noun( of dune - 'down').

ME adverbs are divided into:

1)simple (long, there, etc.);

2)derivative( slowly, forward, etc.);

3)compound( anyhow, nowhere, etc.);

4)composite( at once, at last, etc.).

Some OG adverbs have the degrees of comparison: comparative and superlative.

The comparative degree was formed by adding -or(in OE), -ozh(in PG), -is(in Gt) and other. The superlative one was formed by adding -ost(or -ist). ( widely=wīde-wīdor-wīdost; forward= fram-framis-frumist). Some comparative forms were formed only by means of mutation of the root vowel, without any suffixes(feorr-fierr(-or)-fierrost =far).

Some ME adverbs also have comparative and superlative degrees of comparison.

The comparative one is formed by adding -er or with the use of more.

The superlative degree is formed by adding -est or with the use of most.

Some of ME adverbs have irregular forms of comparison (little-less-least; much- more-most).