33. Morphological classification of og verbs.

Morphological classification of OG verbs was extended into four main groups:

1)Strong verbs;

2)Weak verbs;

3)Preterit-Present verbs;

4)Atypical verbs.

The first group was the largest and the most difficult to be understood. OG strong verbs were graded into 7 classes according to the root vowel changes (Ablaut).

Strong verbs inherited from PIE a special type of tense and number forming. It means that every verb has 4 main forms: Infinitive, Past singular, Past plural and Participle II.

Strong verbs transformed into irregular verbs.

The category of weak verbs was less numerous than strong one and it had a set of peculiarities. Weak verbs formed their past tenses principally by adding endings and with the help of dental suffix -d(-t). There were only three different classes of weak verbs:

1) with the stem in -j( nerian-nerede- nered (save));

2)with -o- stem (endian-endode-endod (end));

3)with -ai- stem (habban-haefde-haefd (have)).

In Gothic there were 4 classes of weak verbs.

Preterit-Present verbs were a very ancient group. Their root of the present form derived from past form, and the Past tense was formed by means of the dental suffix -d(-t), which possibly derived from the old form of the verb do.

E.g. sculan- sceal-sceolde (shall)

cunnan-cann, cuthe (can).

Atypical verbs is a group of four verbs which are anomalous, the verbs "will", "do", "go", and "be". These verbs have their own conjugation schemes which differ significantly from all the other classes of verbs. They are the most commonly used verbs in the language, and are very important to the meaning of the sentences they are used in.( bēom, eart,bist,is,sind; was, waes (OE)).

34. Og verb. The category of tense in comparison with the modern.

The category of tense was presented only in two aspects : Present, Past and the Infinitive form. All Germanic verbs did not have Future Tense as a grammatical model. To present the Future Tense in words all the Germanic languages used modal verbs scullan, willan + infinitive or with the help of Present Time form equal to modern "to be going to".

OE verbs scullan/willan were the sources and prototypes of the modern Future Tense.

There are Present, Past and Future Tense in modern English.

35. Og verb. The category of voice in comparison with the modern.

Voice – Active, Passive, (Medio-passive in Gothic)

In modern English the verb has two voices : the Active Voice and the Passive Voice.

36 Strong verbs.

*Strong verbs use the Germanic form of conjugation – спряжение ( known as Ablaut).In this form of conjugation , the stem of the word changes to indicate the tense. We still have verbs like this in modern English : "sing, sang, sung" is a strong verb, as are "swim, swam, swum" and "choose, chose, chosen".

* The root portion of the word changes rather than its ending. In Old English, there were seven major classes of strong verbs; each class has its own pattern of stem changes.

Strong verbs inherited from PIE a special type of tense and number forming.

4 main forms:

 Infinitive

 Past (sing)

 Past (pl)

 Participle ||

Remember!!!

Strong verbs – 7 classes

Weak verbs -- 3 classes

In Gothic -- 4 classes