- •Введение
- •Introductory
- •Unit I. The Environmental Crisis as International problem number one
- •Text A. The world is calling for changes.
- •Text C. The destruction of the ozone layer and consequences
- •Text D. The discovery of the Antarctic ozone hole.
- •Unit 2. Global warming as number two international problem.
- •Text A. The Ozone Layer and the greenhouse effect
- •Text B. The greenhouse effect
- •Text C. To stop the greenhouse effect
- •Text D. The green house gases
- •Unit 3. Some well known and new engineering ways to solve the problem “Turning heat down”
- •Text 1. The description of the problem as a whole.
- •Text B. Acid rain. Chemical aspect.
- •Text C. Acid rain as an international problem number three.
- •Text D. Some effective engineering protection environmental methods. Proposals and opinions.
- •Unit 4. The Destruction of Animal Environment as international problem number four.
- •Text A . Everything and all is in close interaction in Nature
- •Text B. The main causes of species extinction
- •Text C. Dinosaurs lived many years ago
- •Text D. Is there only one way to save wild habitat?
- •Text E. Species protection
- •Text F. A Life Well Lived. (One more method of animal protection)
- •Unit 5. Earth is the Water planet
- •Text A. Some facts from the history of the ocean study
- •Text B. Ocean pollution as number five international problem.
- •Unit 6 .The throw – away societies – number six international problem
- •Text A. Among the others Britain as the throw-away society
- •Text B. Litter is a problem in our cities
- •Text C. Pollution is spoiling the air you breathe
- •Unit 7. Interaction of human factor and environmental processes. Influence and consequences.
- •Text A. Nobody had believed it was possible
- •Text B . Too little, too late.
- •Text C. Luckily, I had been wearing my seatbelt
- •Text A. The Purposes of science
- •Text B. Predictions in science
- •Unit 9. People have been dealing with Engineering Protection in Ecology for years. Findings. Doubts. Solutions. Blue dreams. Scientific researches in this sphere – number seven international problem.
- •Text A. Not blown with the Wind
- •Text B. The Car of the Future
- •Text C. Colloid chemistry – a forward of achievements in Engineering Protection of environment
- •Text D. Non harmful, or alive Chemistry in practice of the present day
- •Text E. Economical aspect of the problem. The Russian tin market
- •Text A. Heat Supply. Gas Supply. Fuel Supply.
- •Text B. Engineering Prediction of Heat Consumption
- •Text C. Energy policy as an integral part of the state and regional plans.
- •Text D. Power Supply of Saint-Petersburg from position of Energy Safety.
- •Text E. Priority Trends of Development of Fuel and Energy Complex Until 2010
- •Text F. The point of the problem in short
- •Содержание
Unit 8. Science as the findings foundation in Nature , Industry |
and Society |
Text A. The Purposes of science
We may ask what we have a right to expect of science in its relation to our natural world. We shall list two general purposes that it may be said to have.
The fundamental aim of science is to describe the facts of nature and natural events 'arid not, as is so commonly thought to "explain things". Confusion on this point has probably been the cause of the so-called conflict between science and religion.
The basis of science is the belief that natural events have natural causes. Consequently, when science looks for the cause of any given natural phenomenon, it is simply looking for a set of circumstances which gave rise to the event, circumstances which themselves grew out of a still earlier set of conditions. It makes this search by observing facts, by organizing these facts. It does not attempt to say why the chain of events originated.
For example, it is within the province of science to build a picture of the universe with its myriad celestial bodies, a picture or theory which to be satisfactory must agree with all of the observed facts about the motions, positions, and other attributes of these bodies. It is not a part of the business of science to say why a sequence of occurrences was begun which led to the present astronomical organization. Such a problem involves factors which do not lend themselves to the соllection of experimental data
Ex.1. Read and translate the text with a dictionary. Ex.2. Answer the questions:
a)How can we consider science to be in the world? b)What is the fundamental aim of science?
c)What is the basis of science? d)What does science look for?
e)What is the main idea within the province of science?
Text B. Predictions in science
The basis of a science is its ability to predict. To predict means to tell what will happen in an experiment that has never been done. How can we do that? By assuming that we know what is there, independent of the experiment.
We must extrapolate the experiments to a region where they have not been done. We must take our concepts and extend them to places where they have not yet been checked. If we do not do that, we have no prediction.
So it was perfectly sensible for the classical physicists to go happily along and suppose that the position – which obviously means something for a baseball –
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