acid, gas and water are produced when a candle burns. 5. That the water in the dish contains a new substance.

Text D. Non harmful, or alive Chemistry in practice of the present day

The research group of Abercade Consulting company has carried out the structural analysis of the Russian tin market. Monitoring was carried out within the framework of the annual initiative project "the Industry of packing - 2003". As a result of research the tin market capacity in the Russian Federation became known - it makes 160-180 thousand ton.

According to the State Customs Committee of the Russian Federation, the "official" volume of tin import in the Russian Federation made 49147,4 ton in 2002. Taking into account expert estimations, it is necessary to increase the "official" parameter of import approximately by 25 thousand ton thanks to the "uncontrollable" import. Thus, the general tin import in the Russian Federation makes 74147,4 ton. European tin in Russia is used for manufacture of package for coffee and tea, manufacture of covers and crown cap, packages in the perfumery-cosmetic industry. According to expert and telephone interrogations, the most part (77 %) of delivered from Kazakhstan and Ukraine tin is used in the canning industry. In 2002 tin export from Russia, according to the State Customs Committee, has made 220 thousand ton. Volumes of tin export from the Russian Federation are gradually reduced, since 1998 to 2001.

In Russia only MMK makes tin for the ultimate consumer. All consumed tin in the country is distributed on two streams: tin, purchased by the specialized manufacturers of tin container and packing, and tin, purchased by manufacturers of ultimate production (canned food, varnishes, paints, thermoses, etc.) which have their own lines of container manufacture and packing. I

Ex.1. Read and translate the text.

Ex.2. Describe the Russian tin market, using the special terms from the text

Text E. Economical aspect of the problem. The Russian tin market

The cutting equipment market for cardboard package flat cutting has been actively developing last years. Let's analyze its condition and prospects.

The cutting equipment for cardboard package manufacture means set of tools and the adaptations used in cutting presses for reception of reamer bit of package, ready to the further assembly from sheet preparation. This definition includes not

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only cutting stamps (stamp forms), but also equipment for waste disposal, divisions of preparations, bending channels and counter matrixes, etc. To estimate the market in cost expression we'll use the conditional settlement parameter used by the majority of the dymaker companies, - quantity of the rulers established by a stamp and their average cost. Consumption of rulers for cutting stamps manufacture in Russia made about 0,55-0,60 million m in 2003. Russian dymakers have average cost of conditional meter of the ruler established in a stamp, designed proceeding from a total cost of the complete set of cutting equipment, makes 17-23 dollars for meter. Thus, for today the market can be estimated in 10-15 million dollars.

For calculation of potential growth of market the relative parameters with which consumption of knifes is inextricably related, are applied (read "prospects of the market"). The share of packed consumer production sales is, certainly, the indirect parameter closely connected with the population standard of living. But it also can be applied for estimation of packing branch as a whole and manufacture of cardboard packing in particular prospects.

Ex.1. Compare the both texts. Pay attention to some new Engineering Protection Environment methods. Name them.

Ex.2. Look through the list “Ways of comparing” Speak on the key-question, using the figures necessary

Ways of comparing

Ages, heights and weights

The Great Pyramid is 4,500 years old. It is 135 meters high.

The car is 4 meters long. The statue weighs three kilo

How much do you weigh?

British and US measures

1 inch = 2 cm 12 inches 1 foot (30cm) 1 pound = about 450gm 2.2 pounds = 1 kilogram

Large numbers

100: a hundred OK one hundred 125: a one hundred and twenty-five (US a/one hundred twenty-rive) 300: three hundred

1,000: thousand 1,467: one thousand, four hundred and sixty-seven 4,000: four thousand

1,000,000: a/one million

1,400,000; one million, four hundred thousand Ordinal numbers

10th: tenth 11th: eleventh 12th: twelfth 13th: thirteenth 20th: twentieth 21st: twenty-first

22nd: twenty-second 30th: thirtieth

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100th: hundredth
Dates
WRITE		SAY
14 January 1990			January the fourteenth, nineteen ninety (GB)
14.1.90 (GB) -
1.14.90 (US)			January fourteenth . . . (US)
5	April 1892		April the fifth, eighteen ninety-two
9	December 1600		December the ninth, sixteen hundred
14 May 1906			May the fourteenth, nineteen hundred and six

or . . . nineteen or six

Unit 10. Scientifical and practical forecasting of using Engineering Protection methods in Ecology. Principal Trends in the Development of Power Engineering of SaintPetersburg until the year 2010

Text A. Heat Supply. Gas Supply. Fuel Supply.

Power engineering of St Petersburg is a basic branch of industry which provides and to a great extent determines activity of the entire municipal services. In the City’s budget the energy component (investments on reconstruction and development of energy systems, subsidies, compensations and others) is characterized by its significant magnitude dependent on efficiency in operation of both branches of the fuel-and-energy complex (FEC) and power consumption organizations. Reduction of these costs with simultaneous growth of quality and reliability of supplying the City's industry and population with gas, electric and heat power is one of the important tasks.

Heat Supply

City's heat supply scheme is based on burning organic fuel and transfer of heat in the form of hot water and steam.

Heat supply of St Petersburg is characterized by the following:

high degree of power-and-heat generation (over 40%), i.e. the most economical method of fuel utilization;

high share of the district heating, which reduces operating costs in the heat supply systems and contributes to higher ecological indicators;

availability of several large heat sources operating for common networks, which undoubtedly increases reliability of the heat supply;

relatively high degree of automation of the large sources of heat supply to ensure the efficient use of fuel;

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use of gas as fuel (up to 95 %), which, with a high level of district heating, contributes to favorable ecological situation in the City.

Disadvantages of City's heat supply may include: high share (80 %) of the open two-pipe systems (the simplest and cheapest) supplying the consumers with heat and hot water simultaneously. These systems have complexities in mode control, water preparation, and leakage detection; in the systems is observed high internal corrosion of the pipelines and as a result strong damage to the pipelines and much heat loss in them;

a considerable number of smaller boiler houses mostly fitted with cast iron sectional-header boilers (2049 .). Of these many do not have automated burning processes and use coal with an efficiency of not over 50-60 %; high accident rate due to worn-out heating systems and heat sources close to the state of crisis; shortage of heat capacity in separate districts and areas, shortage of gas supply in different periods, which lead to social tension, appearance of independent sources and maladjustment of the heat supplying systems; poor condition of departmental and industrial boiler houses due to a drop of production efficiency. For preserving the working capacity of the heating systems and reducing heat consumption a significant volume of work has been done in recent years by the City's Administration: at two enterprises, production has been organized of radically new pipes with foam polyurethane insulation. These pipes have been laid down to an amount of 40 km within the City's limits; work has been done on implementation of more efficient heat exchanging equipment (heat exchangers and boilers). In recent years over 1000 per. of equipment have been installed; a number of Government decisions have been taken and program performed: installation of heat meters and regulators at the heat stations of the budget sphere and residential buildings; work is being done on implementation of a complex of energy saving technologies in the new constructions and also during overall repairs following a new normative base;

The measures above have in recent years reduced heat consumption, made it possible to preserve the heat supplying complex in serviceable condition and plan of a program further development with allowance for energy consumption at St Petersburg.

Ex.1.Read the text.

Ex.2.Write down and learn the English equivalents of the Russian words and expressions:

-энергетическая политика;

-эффективность преобразования и использования ТЭР (топливноэнергетические ресурсы);

-Развитие ТЭК (топливно-энергетический комплекс)

-Рыночные отношения;

-Обеспечение ЭГ(энергетическая безопасность )

-Уменьшение негативного влияния ТЭК на окружающую среду;

-Прогнозные оценки;

-Теплоснабжение;

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