meant something also for an electron. It was not stupidity. It was a sensible procedure.

Today we say that the law of relativity is supposed to be true at all energies, but some day somebody may come along and say how stupid we were. The only way to find out that we are wrong is to find out what our predictions are. It is absolutely necessary to make constructs.

Ex.1. Read and translate the text with a dictionary. Ex.2. Answer the questions:

a)What are predictions usually based upon? b)What is the role of predictions in science?

c)What are the examples of most daring predictions concerning Engineering Protection in Ecology?

Unit 9. People have been dealing with Engineering Protection in Ecology for years. Findings. Doubts. Solutions. Blue dreams. Scientific researches in this sphere – number seven international problem.

Text A. Not blown with the Wind

Now anyone coming to visit us at Falton Primary school where I'm the head teacher should have no difficulty in finding us. For one thing, we're located right on the top of the hill, and it's a lovely old red-brick building dating back to the 1930s, but the main reason is that we have a wind turbine machine standing 20 meters high in the grounds which can be seen from as far as 25 kilometers away on a clear day.

The turbine, which looks like a kind of tall thin windmill, has blades, which go round in the wind, and it produces electricity. We've had it for about a year now and the children are very proud to go to the first wind-powered school in the area The turbine is a part of an experiment, which we are running jointly with the electricity company. They wanted to show that wind power could work at the level of the small community and not just at national level and we, of course, see the educational opportunities that a scheme presents.

For us, the turbine fits perfectly with the philosophy of the school, showing science in action, any also it gave us a chance to explore all sorts of issues related to the environment as well as the scientific principles at work. If you don't have something practical to show children, topics like these can seem a little bit remote and even a little bit frightening.

We got our fair share of wind here, and although it occasionally blows from the north or east, the turbine is positioned to take advantage of the prevailing winds, which come from the southwest. Now, although we have only got one turbine here, it

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actually makes more electricity than the school needs when there's a good strong wind, and this really makes a big difference to the school's fuel bill.

What’s more, when the school is closed or during the school holidays, at night time, for instance, the Turbine still runs if it is windy and the electricity produced then goes to the electricity company and we get a certain amount of money back from mat. Currently that is going to pay for building maintenance here, although longterm, we hope that the income will pay for further educational schemes as well.

The school is surrounded by houses and, at first we were worried about how our neighbors would react to the turbine. So the children designed a survey to find out. And they found out that we had something like 98% support for the scheme. The results surprised us actually, because the turbine is quite a size and, although there is no atmospheric pollution, people living in the vicinity are, of course aware of the noise. I wouldn't say it was very disturbing, but the closest neighbors do hear it. They complain sometimes. But on balance though, most people seem to regard the experiment as a great success.

Ex.1. Read and translate the text.

Ex.2. Try to explain if the method of Falton Primary School is a profitable one indeed. Use the affirmations « rather « and «enough « in the discussion.

Text B. The Car of the Future

Предтекстовое задание. По своему выбору выпишите предложения, перевод которых соответствует грамматическим конструкциям, приведенным перед текстом. Обоснуйте в соответствии с грамматическими правилами.

Grammar: The Simple Future Tense

The car of tomorrow will have no heater and no air conditioning. It'll have no radio and no lights. Tomorrow's car will be an open air car with no doors and windows. It won't need a pollution control system because it won't use gas. In fact, drivers will push this new car with their feet. Very few people will be killed in accidents, because the top speed will be five miles per hour. However, pessimists warn us not to ask for pretty colors, because the car will come in gray only.

Optimists are sure that the future will be happy. They think that car companies will soon solve all our problems by producing the Super-car. Tomorrow's car will be bigger, faster, and more comfortable than before. The Super car will have four rooms, color TV, running water, heat, air conditioning, and a swimming pool. Large families will travel on long trips in complete comfort. If gas is in short supply, the Super car will run on water. Finally, optimists promise that the car of the future will come in any color, as long as the color is gray.

Ex.1. Answer the questions.

a)What is a pessimist?

b)Why are today's cars in trouble?

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c)What will the car of the future look like, according to the pessimists?

d)Why won't it need a pollution control system?

e)How will it run?

Ex.2. Write down a short composition on the theme: How much «optimists factor «influences on the research work as a whole?

Text C. Colloid chemistry – a forward of achievements in Engineering Protection of environment

Research in colloid chemistry is becoming increasingly important in various branches of pure chemistry, industry, medicine and many other fields. Adsorption, dialysis and coagulation are important in preparative chemistry, in analytical chemistry (co-precipitation, washing of precipitates, filtration problems, chromatographic adsorption analyses), in soil chemistry, in clinical work and in the preparation of pharmaceutical mixtures such as emulsions. Colloid chemical approaches are very important in dealing with numerous technical and industrial problems. Solutions of such practically important materials as cellulose rayon, rubber and starch are colloidal. Soaps and the many new synthetic detergents dissolve in water to form colloidal solutions the deterging property of which is investigated as a colloid chemical problem.

Surface activity and wetting are important in the textile industry, in dyeing, and in the separation of pulverized ores (floatation).

Many synthetic substances such as 'nylon', 'orlon', the silicon, the polymethacrylates for safety glass, synthetic rubber, P.V.P., the synthetic blood plasma have been prepared by organic chemists by polymerization and polycondensation reactions. The final products are colloids.

Colloid chemical views help to solve problems of heterogeneous catalysis — e. g. the catalytic action of fine palladium depends on the degree of subdivision or dispersion of the metal. The adhesion of paints and glue, and problems of lubrication involve colloid chemical considerations. The lubricating action of graphite depend on its laminar structure: the substance is split easily into small leaflets of colloidal dimensions,

Colloid chemical problems are encountered in photography, printing, tanning and the ceramic industries. Also of importance is the adsorption of gases on porous materials, the precipitation of dust, smoke and fogs.

The colloid chemical points of view are important in agricultural chemistry. The fertility of soil depends on the relative amount of colloids in the soil. The clay and humus substances are the most important colloidal ingredients of soil. The higher the amount of these ingredients in soil, the better the soil holds water and plant nutrients, a coarse soil does not hold water and from it the inorganic plant nutrients are lost easily by leaching.

Especially wide are the applications of colloid chemistry to biology and medicine. Blood and protoplasm are complicated colloidal solutions. Skin, muscle and the many different tissues are gels possessing quite peculiar structures. The most

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important substances in the human and animal body are the proteins which are colloids. Simple colloid chemical considerations about the shape of protein particles have proved to be of considerable importance. Rods and threads, of course, are suitable for building, but useless in circulation since they will easily clog the capillaries. In blood clothing the particles of the fibrinogen are transformed into long fibrous structures leading to gelation. The phenomena of swelling and hydration are connected with many biological problems such as that of ageing: the proteins and other colloids in a young body are more hydrated than in an older body. Further, there are problems connected with the action of narcotics (alcohol, ether) on tissue proteins. We are far from the over-optimistic belief that all the problems of life will be solved by colloid chemical means - but there will always be wide, unexplored fields of investigation open to the colloid chemist in biology and medicine.

Ex.1. Read and translate the text with a dictionary.

Ex.2. .Answer the following questions:

a)What substances are colloids?

b)What can you say about colloidal particles?

c)What do their behavior and properties depend on?

d)Why chemistry becoming increasingly important?

e)How have synthetic substances been prepared?

f)In what field of chemistry are colloid chemical problems encountered?

g)What does the fertility of soil depend on?

h)In what field of biology and medicine are colloids used?

i)What are the most important substances in the human body?

j)What are the phenomena of swelling and hydration connected with? Ex.3. Translate the following derivatives into Russian:

soap, soapy, colloid, colloidal; disperse, dispersion; behave, behavior; adsorb, adsorption; filtrate, filtration; synthesis, synthetic; act, active, activity, action; divide, division, subdivision; adhere, adherence, adhesion, adhesive, adhesiveness; fertility, fertilize; apply, application; phenomenon, phenomena.

Ex.4. Translate into Russian paying attention to the words in bold type:

1.The properties and behavior of colloid depend on the size and shape of the dispersed particles. 2. Colloid chemical approaches are very important in dealing with numerous technical and industrial problems. 3. The catalytic action of fine palladium depends on the degree of dispersion of the metal. 4. The higher the amount of important colloidal ingredients in soil, the better the soil holds water. 5. Rods and threads are suitable for building but useless in circulation since they will clog the capillaries. 6. This article deals with the properties of colloids. 7. The smaller the number of valence electrons, the more readily the atom yields them.

Ex.5. Translate into Russian paying attention to the words in bold type:

1.The phenomena of swelling and hydration are connected with many biological ^problems such as that of ageing. 2. Simple colloid chemical considerations about the shape of protein particles have proved to be of considerable importance. 3. Research in colloid chemistry proved to be very important in various branches of pure chemistry, industry and medicine.. 4. We can prove that carbonic

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