англ_практикум

6.What are the advantages of optical fiber over copper wire?

7.What are Global Positioning Systems used for?

XIV. Read the text again and decide whether these statements are true or false.

1.The rapid development of mobile phones greatly changed our daily lives.

2.Communication satellite connect our phone call with a recipient.

3.Communication satellites are placed above a geostationary orbit.

4.	Pulses of laser light carry enormous amount of information.
5.	Copper wire is the best way to link outside broadcast TV cameras.

XV. Complete the table with the given words.

Ubiquitous, remarkable, carelessly, annoyance, powerful, highly, transmission, successful, repeatedly, enormous, conventional, progressively, electrical, unlikely

noun

adjective

adverb

XVI. Combine words from Box A with words from Box B to make collocations.

A	B
Internet	wire
transmission	beam
radio	field
laser	system
optical	access
magnetic	equipment
copper	waves
solar	fibre

XVII. Complete each sentence with a word from the box.

access, facility, recipient, launch, satellite, spacecraft, equipment, fibre, wire, milestone, vehicle

1. Galileo is a that arrived in the vicinity of Jupiter in 1995 sending back close-up pictures of Jupiter's four moons.

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2.	Everyone nowadays has		to the Internet.
3.	The discovery of the transistor effect was a scientific
4.	Before the development of transistors, vacuum tubes were the main active
components in electronic
5		rapidly transmit TV and radio programs to different towns, cities,
and distant areas.
6. A		of the project Beagle 2 is planed for the middle of June 2008 and

scheduled for landing on Mars as part of the European Space Agency's Mars Express Mission, has almost a third of its payload devoted to the electronics necessary for carrying out various types of chemical analysis of soil samples collected on the surface of Mars.

7. Modern telegraph systems are based upon the fact that electric current will

flow through a		which forms a circuit.
8.	A hot trend in communications is the development of data networks based on
the so-called metroarea networks but designed to bring optical			cable
to each customer.
9.	The signal is sent over the communication channel from the transmitter to the
10.	After a French engineer invented the first self-propelled road		in
1770 many car designers wanted to make a better automobile.
11. The hotel has special		for welcoming disabled people.

XVIII. Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0)

			The power of the Mind
	Scientists are interested in strange 0) psychological powers. A					PSYCHOLOGY
professor at Edinburgh University is leading an 1)					into	INVESTIGATE
the most 2)			aspect of the brain's 3)			MYSTERY, ABLE
He has chosen a controversial and 4)				subject-telepathy.		SURPRISE
Direct mind-to mind 5)			is when one person knows what			COMMUNICATE
another is thinking. Many people have doubts that this is really
a 6)		subject, and the professor's work has only recently				SCIENCE
received 7)		He believes that telepathy is a				RECOGNISE
8)		talent, but that some people are more				NATURE
9)	;	than others. However, most people still believe,				SENSE
that it involves some kind of trickery.
	XIX. Put the verbs in		brackets into	the correct tense.	Translate the text.

Evolution of stereo

In the late 1920s and early 1930s, researchers (begin) developing stereo. Around the early 1970s, some people like Ben Baur of CBS and Peter Scheiber, an

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independent consultant in Bloomington, Ind., (realize) that stereo was great, but everything (come) from in front of and between the two speakers. So quad, as it was called, was born, which used four speakers: left and right speakers in front of the listeners in conventional stereo and left and right speakers behind the listener to create the sensation of being "surrounded by sound". While quad (develop), Dolby Labs (become) very successful with tape noise reduction systems. Its first systems (designed) for professional reel-to-reel units, but then Henry Kloss, founder of Advent Corp., (implement) a simplified version of the technology on a cassette deck, giving Dolby an entree into the vast consumer market.

In the meantime, the film industry (struggle) with optical sound tracks, in use since the 1930s. The tracks (print) along the edge of the film, but were noisy, of poor quality, and degraded a little every time the film was shown.

Around 1977, when the original Star Wars movie (release), film producers wondered if they could not deliver something a little more exciting than the simple stereo. They (go) to Dolby, who (license) some of the original quad patents, and turned the speaker configuration into a diamond shape. „

During the late 1970s through the early 1980s, the home video formats of the day, VHS and Beta, both (start) to support high-quality stereo sound track with VHS HiFi and Beta HiFi. The Dolby Stereo encoding of the original movie sound-tracks (transfer) to these tapes. Soon, most home audio-video receivers included Dolby Surround decoders significantly enhanced the perceived separation between the channels. Thus the average consumer could enjoy surround sound at home.

XXJranslate the sentences, paying attention to the meanings of highlighted words.

1. In 1962 the first automatic station - Mars-I - was launched. 2. He launched into an argument. 3. Cogent Communication Corporation was launched in Washington, D.C., by David Schaeffer, an entrepreneur with a physics and economics background. 4. He launched the election campaign in the hope of winning. 5. The lifeboat was launched immediately. 6. The new model will be launched in July. 7. She has a great facility for language. 8. This machine has a special facility for checking spelling. 9. New shopping centers have modem facilities. 10. This university has good facilities for study. 11. Speech is the fastest method of communication between people. 12. Snow has prevented communication with the outside world for three days. 13. Electronic technology has made it possible to set up automatic communication systems.

XXI. Discussion. In pairs discuss the following questions.

1.	What are the benefits and disadvantages of mobile phones?
2.	Are there any advantages of sending a text message over a telephone call?

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Unit3

1.Времена английского глагола группы Perfect. Active and Passive Voice

2.Относительные местоимения (who, whom, whose, which, that) и относительные наречия (when, where or why)

3.Текст «The discovery of cathode rays»

4.Словообразование. Суффиксы: -able, -ful, -ous.

5. Словообразование. Префиксы: il-, un-, dis-, in-, im-, -ir

/.Explain the usage of Perfect forms in the sentences.

I. The US had hoped to end analogue television broadcasts by December 31, 2006, however this was recency pushed back to February 17, 2009. 2. Gail has been abroad three times this year. 3. He had just finished his report when his boss asked to see him. 4. The telephone has changed beyond recognition since its invention in 1876. 5. By the time we get there the lecture will have started. 6. The programmer had done the work by four o'clock. 7. The country has made enormous progress this year. The Prime Minister has done so much good. 8. They will have built a house by

the end of the year. 9. The report	will not have been finished until 6 o'clock. 10. A
new bridge has recently been built	across the river.

II. Use the right form of the verbs in brackets.

1.You (use) your computer this afternoon? -1 not (decide) yet.

2.Before mobile phones (take) off in the mid-1990s, no one (predict) that they would create a new means of communication: the text message.

3.When I (arrive) the lecture already (start).

4.By the time we got to the shopping centre it (close).

5.Many scientists (dream) of discovering a way to wireless communication, but never (succeed) until the late 19* century.

6.Later that afternoon when Winston (leave), she (move) in the direction of the office.

7. The company (set) up a computer network by the end of this year.

8.She already (make) a new software package.

9.The new CCTV (install) yet.

10.1never (work) with this kind of program.

11. The builders (construct) a twelve-storey house by the end of the year.

12.The idea of space flights (attract) the attention of people since the remotest times.

13.For many centuries scientists of the world (work) successfully to uncover still unsolved secrets of nature.

14. By the end of August, he (work) at the research institute for fifteen years.

15. When the student entered the hall, the professor (speak) already for ten minutes.

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16.Within the past few years great advances (make) in the techniques of programming computers.

17.The receiver (develop) recently to illustrate the principle of molecular electronics.

18.We (learn) already that when we double the current, it will produce four times as much heat.

III.Complete the text by putting the verbs into the correct tense of the Active or Passive Voice.

		Student hackers arrested
	Four high school computer hackers 0) were arrested yesterday and face charges of
theft and fraud. It 1)		(believe) the four boys, aged between 16 and 18, 2)
	(use) a complex Internet scheme to steal computer equipment. The boys,
whose names 3)		(not/release) yet, 4)			(say) that they 5)
(break) into a local Internet server and 6)				(steal) credit card numbers, which
they used to go on a giant online shopping trip. Altogether, they 7)						(order)
$20000 worth of computer equipment before they 8)					(catch). The equipment
9)	(deliver) to vacant homes		in the area,	where it could 10)		(pick
up)after school. When the boys 11)			(ask)		why they carried out	such an
elaborate scheme, they said they 12)			(surprise)		at how easy it was.

IV. Fill in the correct future forms.

Technology has made such dramatic advances in the past decade that by the year 2015 who knows what changes 1) will have taken place. It is quite likely that by 2015 we 2) (use up) most of the earth's natural resources and so we 3) (rely) on wind power and hydropower for our energy needs. As a result of this shortage of energy, it is quite probable that scientists 4) (find) a way for us to live outside the earth. By the next century it is possible that people 5) (live) in cities on the Moon or perhaps in cities on the seabed. It is to be hoped that scientists 6) (discover) cures for fatal diseases such as AIDS and, due to the advancement of genetic engineering, hereditary diseases passed down from generation to generation 7) (exist) no longer. It is quite possible that by the next century life expectancy 8) (increase) to 100 years. Another area likely to have been further affected by technology in the year 2015 is education. In schools, computers 9) (replace) teachers and many students 10) (stay) at home to complete their education. We 11) (see) changes in the workplace, too. The two main areas of employment 12) (be) the so-called creative and caring professions, and the disappearance of jobs in manufacturing 13) (result) in massive unemployment.

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V Fill in the gaps with the relative pronoun who, whom, whose, which, that.

1. Ann	contract	expires next week is looking for			another job.	2. The
company	I set up last year is expanding. 3. The documentary					T
saw last night was very informative. 4. My team				won the cup are going to
tour America. 5. I read a book			was written by Samuel Johnson. 6. That's the
woman	complained to the manager. 7. She is a person				I shall always
be grateful to. 8. That's the woman			daughter works in the bank. 9. Jamie is
the person	is in	charge	of the project.	10. The new	laptop	she
bought was very expensive. 11. It is the land				is surrounded by water.
VI. Fill in the gaps with		the relative adverb when, where or			why.
1. Do you know the date		we have to hand in the essay? 2. That was the year
we entered the University. 3. That is the reason					he left town. 4. The
reason	he did this is	still unclear. 5. It is a place			you can	spend a
holiday. 6. It is an area		there is not much green space. 7. This is a Web-site
you can find all the necessary information. 8. Do you know the reason						she
didn't pass her exam? 9. 1914 was the year				World War I broke out.

VII. Read the text. Express the main idea of the text. Translate it.

The discovery of cathode rays

The beginnings of electronics can be traced back to the discovery of cathode rays in the closing years of the last century. These mysterious rays had been seen when an electrical discharge took place between two electrodes in a glass tube from which most of the air had been removed. Sir William Crookes called these cathode rays since they seemed to start at the negative electrode (the cathode) and moved towards the positive electrode (the anode).

At that time, nobody had any idea what cathode rays really were. Nevertheless, during a lecture at the Royal Institution in London in April 1897, Sir J.J. Thomson declared that cathode rays were actually small, rapidly moving electrical charges. Later these charges were called electrons after the Greek word for amber.

Amber is fossilized resin from trees and has strange properties as the ancient Greeks had found. If rubbed with fur or a dry cloth, it has the power to attract small pieces of dust and fluff. Neither the Greeks, nor the scientists who devoted so much time to studying its properties in the period from the seventeenth century, had a successful explanation of why amber behaved in this way. However, the discovery of the electron provided the answer.

We now know that the electrical behaviour of amber (and of many other electrical insulators) is caused by static electricity. The friction between the cloth and amber causes electrons to be transferred from the cloth to the amber where they stay put to give amber an overall negative charge. This negative charge causes the amber to attract small bits of material to it.

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wmmmmmmmmmammmmmm

The first practical application of cathode rays was the invention of the thermionic valve by Sir John A. Fleming in 1904. In this device, the heating of a wire (the filament) in an evacuated glass bulb produces electrons. The word "thermionic" comes from "therm" meaning "heat" and "ion" meaning "charged particle", i.e. the electron. In a valve, negatively charged electrons driven out from the heated filament (the cathode) had moved rapidly to a more positive anode. The flow of electrons stops if anode becomes more negative than the cathode. This electronic component is called a diode since it has two electrodes for making connections to an external circuit. In addition, it acts like a valve because electrons flow through it only in one direction, from the cathode to the anode, not in the opposite direction.

It did not take long for an American, Lee de Forest, to make a much more interesting and useful thermionic valve. By adding a third electrode made of a mesh of fine wire through which the electrons could pass, he produces a triode. By adjusting the voltage on this third electrode (called the grid), he was able to make the triode behave like a switch and, more important, as an amplifier of weak signals. The triode made it possible to communicate over long distances by radio, and this development was demonstrated dramatically in 1912 when the luxury liner Titanic collided with an iceberg in the Atlantic Ocean. As this "unsinkable" liner was going down, her radio operator broadcast a SOS radio signal using Morse code (dot-dot-dot, dash-dash-dash, dot-dot-dot) that was picked by ships in the area.

The First World War (1914-1918) did little to stimulate applications for thermionic valves. But immediately after was, electronics received a push. In London the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) was formed, and in 1922 its transmitter went on the air. Firms such as Marconi, HMV and Echo made radio sets from components and valves supplied by Mazda, Ozram, Brimar and others.

The second major boost to the emerging electronics industry was the start of regular television transmissions from Alexandra Palace in London in 1936. By the time EMI had developed an electronic scanning system that gave much better pictures, the Second World War had begun. From 1939 to 1945 there were important advances in electronics. The most significant invention was radar, developed in Britain to locate enemy aircraft and ships. Radar was made possible by the invention of a high-power thermionic valve called the magnetron, a device nowadays commonly used as the source of microwaves in microwave cookers.

Vocabulary:

ray-луч

discharge - разряд

tube - трубка, электронная лампа charge - заряд

amber - янтарь fossil - ископаемое property - свойство fluff - пух

to rub - натирать

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insulator -изолятор overall - общий

valve - электронная лампа, клапан, распределительный кран bulb - лампа накаливания, баллон, сосуд

filament - нить накала, катодная нить, волокно mesh - ячейка, сеть

to adjust - регулировать, настраивать amplifier - усилитель

advance - продвижение, прогресс

VJII. Find sentences with Perfect forms in the text and translate them.

IX. Answer the questions.

1.When were cathode rays discovered?

2.When do cathode rays take place?

3.What do cathode rays look like?

4.What is another name of cathode rays?

5.What property has amber? What is it explained by?

6.What is the first application of cathode rays?

7.What is a diode?

8.What is the role of triode?

9.What where the changes in electronics industry after the First World War?

10.What were the advances in electronics during the Second World War?

X.Read the text again and decide whether these statements are true or false.

1.Cathode rays start at anode and move forward to cathode.

2.Cathode rays were called electrons after the Greek word for amber.

3.The property of amber to attract small pieces of dust and fluff had never been explained.

4.An American Lee de Forest made a thermionic valve on the basis of diode.

5.The development of electronics after the Second World War is connected with the invention of radar.

XI Add prefixes to the words to form opposites (il-, un-, dis-, im -. ir -, in -).

Interesting, regular, patient, attract, charge, successful, possible, sinkable, important, clear, significant, common

XII. Add suffixes to the words to form adjectives (-able, -fid, -ous, -ive)

Adjust, sink, use, mystery, connect, luxury, success, industry, attract

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XIII. Combine words from Box A with words from BoxB to make collocations.

A	B
cathode	tube
electrical	valve
radio	resin
glass	charge
static	sets
thermionic	filament
negative	electricity
fossilized	discharge
heated	rays

XIV. Match the words with their definitions.

1.	discovery	6. filament
2.	discharge	7. radar
3.	charge	8. voltage
4.	insulator	9.friction
5.	valve	10. amplifier

3.a system that uses radio waves to find the position and movement of objects.

b.an electrical device or piece of equipment that makes sounds or radio signals louder.

c.an act or process of finding something, or learning about something that was not known about before.

d.a device for controlling the flow of a liquid or gas, letting it move in one direction only.

e.a thin wire in a light bulb that produces light when electricity is passed through

it.

f.to release force or power.

g.electrical force measured in volts.

h. the amount of electricity that is put into a battery or carried by a substance.

i. a material used to prevent heat, electricity, or sound from escaping from something.

j. the resistance of one surface to another surface or substance moving over it.

XV Complete each sentence with a word from the box.

Radar, filament, voltage, discharge, valve, friction, insulators, bulb, charge, amplifier, properties

1. Electrons are emitted by the hot metal of the	but not by the plate with
cooler.

2. The word	is an acronym, for it is formed from the words	Radio
Detection And Range-finding.
3. The force of	slows the spacecraft down as it re-enters the	earth's
atmosphere.
4. Thunder and lighting are caused by electrical
5. From the point of view of electronics, the two most important		of an
electron are its electrical	and small mass.

6increases the power of the signal passing through it.

7.Glass, polythene and mica are good

8. At the heart of modern electronics is transistor, which act like a		to
direct the flow of electrons.
9. A 60watt	is usually used for lighting in this room.

10 Because of its fast response and accuracy, transistor may be used in a wide

variety of applications,			including amplification, switching,		stabilization
and signal modulation.			*
XVI. Fill in the gaps with the following words plug in, turn on, log off, create,
	send, install.
1.	The battery in my laptop is running out. I need to			it	and recharge it.
2.	I'm going to	an e-mail to my mother, because it's cheaper than calling her
on the phone.
3.	Can you help me		new computer game on my PC?
4.	I'm going to		a "birthday" file to store my friends' birthdays.
5.	Your printer isnt broken - you just forgot to			it
6.	Don't forget to		when you have finished using the Internet, or your

phone bill will be huge.

XVII. Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.

		Choosing a car
There comes a time when not having a car becomes (0)				PRACTICAL
Choosing your first car is an (1)			experience. Most men's	EXCITE
(2)	is so vivid that they see themselves speeding along in			IMAGINE
a (3) . :	sports car, attracting (4)		looks from those	POWER, ENVY
they pass. In (5)		this does not happen that often. More		REAL
practical and (6)		aspects have to be considered when		FINANCE
choosing a car. The (7)		is normally between a small city CHOOSE
car which is (8)		to run and easy to park and a larger		ECONOMY
family car which would be more (9)			and probably be	COMFORT
fitted with more (10)		features.		SAFE
		29

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XVIII. Translate the sentences		into Russian, paying attention to the meanings
of	highlighted	words.	V

1. By 1960s transistors had ousted the valve because they were smaller, more rugged, had a longer life and required less electrical power to work them. 2. A valve is a simple device that controls the movement of a liquid or gas in a system, preventing the liquid from moving in more than one direction. 3. The great advances in microelectronics have helped achieve the moon landing, satellites, digital watches, compute games, and even computer controlled automobile engines. 4. Please give the advance warning of any changes to the schedule. 5. This building is government property. 6. Organic molecular crystals show superconducting properties. 7. In 1930s there was a 10% gain in production of radio sets. 8. These actions have resulted in great gains in electronics. 9. The transmitter is a set of devices which change the sound pressure of the voice into a varying electrical current. 10. America gained the Moon surface during the 1960s. 11. Vacuum tube was used as the primary computer component during the first generation of computers. 12. We came by tube.

XIX. Underline the appropriate time phrase and put the verbs into the correct tense.

New research offers proof that global warming is a direct consequence of man's activity on earth and not a result of some unidentified natural phenomenon. 1) (After/As soon as) noting climate changes on computer, researches 2) (show) that the Earth's average temperature has risen by 0.7 C 3) (before/since) the Industrial Revolution. 4) (While/As soon as) the results were published, climate changes once again 5) (become) headline news. Other research predicts that 6) (by/by the time) the end of the century average rainfall will be 30% higher than today as a result of a warmer climate. Air pollution is blamed for a sharp rise in the Earth's temperature and 7) (until/whenever) strict law 8) (be/introduced), the problem will continue to get worse. Something needs to be done 9) (the

moment/before) it 10)	(be) too late. 11) (When/Whenever) EU countries 12)
(meet) last month, they agreed to cut down on pollution levels. 13) (Just
as/Once) clean sources of power 14)		(be/developed), we will have taken
the first steps towards stopping global warming.
XX. Discussion. In pairs	discuss	the following questions.

1.How do you think technology will advance over the next fifty years?

2.How important is it to balance technological progress with environmental concerns?

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Unit 4

1.Повторение времен английского языка

2.Модальные глаголы

3.Функции слов it, one и that

4.Текст «The invention of the transistor»

5.Фразовые глаголы: bring и turn

/.Put the verbs in brackets into a suitable past form.

Even as a child Jane Cavanagh was more at home with the circuits boards from her father's electronics business than doll's houses. At the age of seventeen, she (demonstrate) her f entrepreneurial capabilities by buying two cars at an

auction. She	(spend) half the summer renovating them, and afterwards she
(sell) them at	a profit. Some years later while she	(work) for

Telecom-Soft, a division of ВТ, she was given the task of developing its computer

games brands. She	(travel) to Japan and	(build up) a portfolio of
products for ВТ to sell. At this time, games		consoles	(become)
increasingly popular and she	(realize) the sector's enormous potential. She
(still work) for ВТ when she		(approach) by FIL, a division of
the French conglomerate Thomson. For some		time, FIL	(look for)

someone with good contacts in Japan to expand their games development. FIL

(offer) her the job of negotiating the rights	of arcade games which could
be converted into computer games. However, it	(always be) at the back of
Cavanagh's mind to start her own business. She	(start) SCI and was in
profit from day one.

//. Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to modal verbs.

1. One of the path that can be explored is the launching of publications and the organization of technical meeting in collaboration with various industry specification.

2.To make supercomputers we need highly developed electronics and new materials.

3.The development of new materials should lose their significance. 4. Could I borrow your notebook this weekend? 5. After three hours I was able to make the printer work properly. 6. Mobile phone Blackberry can work nearly everywhere in the world. 7. A signal weakened during transmission could boosted using an amplifier in the receiver. 8. He ought to have recorded his new CD by now. 9. Might I turn up the radio? 10. May I have the book when you finish it?

III. Complete the sentences by filling in must, have to, can, need, could, should, may or to be able to.

1. In a traditional LMR (Land Mobile Radio) environment calls ... be established directly between portable devices or relayed through base stations.

2. He ... drive a car very well when he was fifteen.

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The fire brigade ... put out the fire before it destroyed the other buildings.

3.They ... arrive tonight or tomorrow.

4.Passengers ... cross the lines by the footbridge.

5.All students ... submit their work by present day.

6.I think you ... read this article.

7.The car .. .to be serviced.

8.- Are you working late again tonight? -Yes, we ... finish the project by the weekend.

9.You ... think about it before you make a final decision.

10. 1 ... to put more oil in my car.

11.Alan Turing believed that computers ... imitate the action of the human mind.

IV. Underline the correct modal verb.

1. You mustn't /shouldn't forget to pay the phone bill today.

2.We needn't/oughtn't to leave right away, we have plenty of time.

3.Push-to-talk can/may be thought of as a voice version of the extremely popular short-massage service available.

4.A system developed at the end of the last century could/might transmit long distance message.

5.	Every institute ought to/should be proud of their famous graduates.
6.	One can/should image a time when libraries will be run by computers, without
human beings at all.
7.	I can't do my History homework. Do you think you could/should help me?

8.We need to/should invite Graig to the party.

9.I must/might go out tonight, if I finish this project.

10. Luckily I needn't have/didn't need to done all of the work again because I had a back up copy on disk.

V. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to the functions of the word one.

1. Distributed sensor networks are one of the fastest developing areas of electronics and telecommunications. 2. One should always take safety precautions. 3. There is only one thing we can do with this device. 4. Our car is always breaking down, but we are getting a new one soon. 5. The development of electronic technology and the promotion of access to markets is one of the tools for social change. 6. The new engineer is much more competent than the one we had last year. 7.1 looked through the files and took the one which I hadnt seen before. 8. One thing that is clear is that phones will pack a lot more computing power in future, and will be able to do more and more things that they are used for today. 9. There are two good dictionaries on sale. Which one shall we buy. 10. Mobile phones are the most rapidly evolving technological devices on earth and are likely to change as dramatically in the next decade as they did in the previous one. '

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VI. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to the functions of the word it.

1. It should be possible for the transmitter to send several multipurpose measurement signals. 2. The circuit is so sensitive that it makes a light-emitting diode flicker when it detects the changing electric field when combing your hair a few meters away. 3. It is a new subject. It is very important for our future speciality. We shall study it for two years. 4. It is known that the knowledge of general engineering subjects is the basis for the study of special subjects. 5. It seems that he works a lot. 6. It is interesting to glance over the forecasts made near ten years ago for the Russian public - switched telephone network. 7. Bluetooth 2.1 ensures that in future it will be possible to connect devices "in a few seconds". 8. Europe's 5000 km of high-speed railway track will swell by a faptor of three by 2020, making it the most impressive cross-border railway system in the world. 9. With a layer of the appropriate thickness it should be possible to generate photons of any type. 10. It is necessary to understand the fundamentals of this science.

VII. Read	and	translate the sentences paying attention to the functions of the
word	that	(those).

1. Semiconductor engineers can make chips for mobile phones that operate a little farther down the spectrum. 2. Linked In is a highly successful online networking tool that allows users to build their own network of close friends, former colleagues and former classmates. 3. The ratio of the amplitude of the output signal to that of the input signal is called the gain. 4. An amplifier that is linear ought to have phase delays proportional to their frequencies. 5. The antenna that is installed in the equipment receives signals from transmitting earth station. 6. Those articles were rather interesting. 7. The obvious advantage of the laser is that its light is determined by the thickness of its layers, rather than the chemical properties of the material from which it is made. 8. One way of getting higher speed was to use the fact that current could flow round the circuit. 9. The theory that is the basis for most modern software was first proposed by Alan Turing in 1935. 10. Intel Centrino mobile technology design in 2001 to meet the demand of new and future applications with technology that offers faster instruction execution at lower powers.

VIII. Read the text. Express the main idea of the texts. Translate them.

The invention of the transistor

In the period immediately following the Second World War, there was a major step forward in electronics brought about by the invention of the first working transistor. In 1948, Shockley, Barden and Brattain, working in the Bell Telephone Laboratories in the USA, demonstrated that a transistor could amplify electrical signals and act like a switch. However, the way electricity moved in semiconductors, as these germanium-based devices were called, was not well understood.

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Furthermore, until the 1950s it was not possible to produce germanium with the high purity required to make useful transistors.

These transistors turned out to be successful rivals to the thermionic valve. They were cheaper to make since their manufacture could be automated. They were smaller, more rugged and had a longer life than valves, and they required less electrical power to work. Once silicon began to replace germanium as the basic semiconductor for making transistors in the 1960s, it was clear that the valve could never compete with the transistor for reliability, compactness and low power consumption. *

The computer was built in the 1940s at the University of Pennsylvania. ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator) filled a room, used 18000 valves, needed 200 kW of electrical power to work it, had a mass of 30 tons and cost a million dollars. The first transistorized desktop calculator of the 1960s was batterypowered, had a mass of a few kilograms and was capable of far more sophisticated calculations than ENIAC was able to perform. This trend towards low-cost yet more complex functions, to greater reliability and lower power consumption continues to be an important characteristic of developments in electronics. ENIAC is now regarded as a first-generation computer and the transistorized computers that followed it in the 1960s as second-generation computers. Third-generation computers required the development of the silicon chip.

Silicon chips make an impact

The first integrated circuits were made during the early 1960s. Techniques were developed for forming up to a few hundred transistors on a silicon chip and linking them together to produce a working circuit. The Apollo spacecraft that took men to the Moon in the late 1960s used these third-generation computers for navigation and control. The stimulus to miniaturize circuits in the form of integrated circuits came from three main areas: weapons technology, the "space race" and commercial activity.

Modern weapons systems depend on circuits that are small, light, quick to respond, reliable, and that use hardly any electrical power. Miniature circuits on silicon chips play a great role in the "space race" when Americans walked on the Moon by the end of the decade. Lacking the enormously powerful booster rockets developed by Russia, America needed compact and complex spacecraft and stimulated the design of small and reliable control, communications and computer equipment. During the 1970s, spin-off from military interests and the space race further stimulated the growth of an electronics industry bent first on creating electronics goods and then satisfying the demand for them at home, in the office and industry.

The 1970s saw the number of transistors integrated on a silicon chip. The most important silicon chip is the microprocessor. It contains most of the components needed to operate as the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer. A highly complex device that can be programmed to do a variety of tasks acts as the "brain" in a wide variety of devices. These forth-generation computers have become faster and

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cheaper; they are now used in industrial robots and sewing machines, in space stations and toasters, in medical equipment and computer games. Their programmability and cheapness are their strength. The microprocessor brings the story to the present day.

Vocabulary:

rival - соперник consumption - потребление

to be rugged - крепкий, твердый sophisticated - сложный reliability - надежность

to respond - отвечать, реагировать spin-off - извлечение f

goods - товары purity - чистота

impact - воздействие, влияние

switch - выключатель, переключатель, реле to perform - выполнять

to require - требовать turn out - оказываться

IX. Find the words in the text that (those), one, it and define their functions. X. Find modal verbs in the text and define their functions.

XI. Answer the questions.

1. Characterize the development of electronics after the Second World War. 2. What are the advantages of transistors over the thermionic valve?

3.What is the most important characteristic of the development of electronics?

4.What is the difference between a first-generation computer and a third generation one?

5.When were the first silicon chips made?

6.How were silicon chips used at that time?

7.What is the most important silicon chip? Characterize it.

8.What are the advantages of using fourth-generation computers?

9.Where are fourth-generation computers used?

10.What impact do silicon chips make?

XII. Read the text again and decide whether these statements are true or false.

1. A great step in electronics was taken by the invention of a valve.

2.Until the 1950s it was not possible to produce germanium with the high purity.

3.Valve is as reliable and compact as transistor.

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4. ENIAC is regarded as a transistorized computer.

5. The growth of an electronic industry was stimulated by military interests and the space race.

XIII Complete each sentence with a word from the box

Semiconductor, reliability, impact, purity, power, switch, goods, germanium, rivals, consumption ^_

1. The advantages of miniature circuits on silicon chips had a profound on the "space race" which began when Russia launched Sputnik in 1957.

2. Along with the increasing circuit complexity there was a doubling in the

information processing	of the silicon chip.
3. The main reason	materials are so useful is that the behavior of a

semiconductor can be easily manipulated by the addition of impurities, known as doping.

4.	Semiconductors use such materials as		, silicon and gallium arsenide.
5.	The	of the water is tested regularly.
6. Gas and oil		always increases in cold weather.
7.	The two teams have always been
8.	The	of the results depends on the modernization of the equipment.
9.	The operational amplifier is connected as an electronic			so that when

the resistance of the thermictor has reached a specific value, the output voltage of the operational amplifier rises sharply.

10. The restructuring program of the company is introducing principle changes in trade and selling of manufactured

XIV. Combine words from Box A with words from Box B to make collocations.

	A		B
	power		race
	desktop		consumption
	space		device
	industrial		calculator
	complex		robots
XV. Make nouns from the following		verbs.

To respond, to amplify, to replace, to compete, to operate, to perform, to form, to grow, to consume, to wide.

XVI. Find synonyms to the following words in the first part of the text

Competitor, stage, to display, to need, difficult, to remove, feature, strong

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X VII. Phrasal verbs: bring and turn. Fill in the correct particle.

1.The printer didn't work, because I had forgotten to turn it ...

2.The radio is a bit loud, could you turn it...

3.They turned the old warehouse ... a new office block.

4.Don't forget to turn ... the TV before you leave the house.

5. If you turn ... the page you will find the answer.

6.It turns ... that gallium arsenide (GaAs) is a crystalline substance that is rival to silicon for making diodes, transistors and integrated circuits.

7.Computers brought... great changes in our life.

8.Experts were brought... to advise the engineers.

9.My father didnt' want to let me buy a car, but in the end I managed to bring him ...

10.Can you bring that file ... on screen?

XVIII. Make sentences out of two parts.

1. In the late 1990s Intel started	on the creative individuals who dream up
	new ideas and turn them into reality.
2. At bottom, transistors are electronic	be cooled by liquid nitrogen which is very
valves that use a small voltage	cheap.
3. Gates, which are made of silicon	to look for a material that could serve as
	silicon dioxide's replacement.
4. Innovation depends	to improve the performance of electric
	motors	and	generators,		because
	superconducting coils can carry much more
	current than copper.
5. New metal alloys, composite	must be electrically isolated.
materials and more effective means
6. A distinct advantage of the high-	electronic	components		and	sensitive
temperature ceramic super-conductors	magnetic sensors.
is that they can
7. The wires may be used	of communication are in use.
8. Thin superconducting films could	at a place called a gate to regulate the flow
serve as	of current through the rest of the device.

XIX. Translate the sentences, paying attention to the meanings of highlighted words.

1. There is very little storage space in the department. 2. There was not enough space to print all the letters we received. 3. Russia has launched more than 2300 space vehicles designed to perform a variety of functions. 4. The president has the power of veto over all new legislation. 5. The ship was helpless against the power of the storm. 6. The present regime has been in power for two years. 7. Integrated

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circuits contain components that are the smallest objects created by humans and the trend is towards producing even smaller components on a silicon chip in order to provide more processing power in a smaller space. 8. Our power stations have been connected by high voltage transmission lines into several networks. 9. Nuclear power could be extremely dangerous if it were to fall into the wrong hands. 10. The mean distance between these two objects is not known yet. 11. We can communicate with any country of the world by means of satellites. 12. When we speak about a further development of computers we mean not only quantity, but also high technology and high speed. 13. What do you meanl 14. Television is an effective means of communication.

XX. Discussion. In pairs discuss the following questions.

1. Speak about three generations of electronics: valve, transistor and integrated circuit. Give examples.

2. Discuss the following quotation: "Modem science and techniques have taught mankind at least one lesson: Nothing is impossible". Lewis Mumford (US philosopher).

Unit 5

1.Инфинитив, формы и функции

2.Наречия too и enough

3.Текст «Electrons in atoms»

4.Словообразование. Суффиксы -en, -ise, -ify и префикс en-

5. Предлоги in, on, to, from, for, of, with		_____

7. Define the forms of the Infinitives.

I. The manuscript appears to have been written in Greek. 2. You should know that the laser beam can be controlled very precisely. 3. He seems to have been working constantly for the last couple of weeks. 4. Dave appears to be studying at the moment. 5. He is happy to have been invited to the conference. 6. The delivery of broadband internet access over power lines is finally starting to make progress. 7. Currents of great value must be applied to insulators in order to make them conduct. 8. I am glad to have spoken to our lecturer about my work. 9. Each Bluetooth radio chip has a unique identifying code that can be used to look up a person's information.

10.1am pleased to be helping him.

II. Comment on the forms andfunctions of the Infinitive. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. Broadband over power lines (BPL) can carry about 100 megabits per second (mbps) on a medium-voltage mains cable, and each cable is used to serve around 20000 people in cities and a few hundred in rural areas. 2. In order to meet user

expectations in a 10-year perspective and beyond, an evolution of the current 4G standards is needed. 3. Noise and vibration are also the problems to be faced by designers of hypersonic craft. 4. The autonomous transmission mode permits the mobile system to start data transmission at any given time up to a preauthorized maximum data rate. 5. The problem LG Telecom faces now as a mobile operator is not only to evolve technologies that enable various services, but also to find a way to provide attractive services at reasonable prices. 6. The problem to be solved is of great importance for this branch of science. 7. A sensor can use its processing capabilities to perform simple data analysis and transmit only the required information. 8. The elements of the software operating environment associated with the radio platform that is necessary to support the overall radio requirements. 9. The appearance of mobile phones is certain to change as new features continue to be added. 10. Mobile phones have already changed social practices among their users, and seem likely to do so even more in future. 11. Richard Radke of the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in New York is developing software to allow hundreds of cameras, working together in small groups, to analyse their surroundings. 12. The device to be discussed can be used in construction work. 13. It is necessary to consider multi-antenna technologies as a well-integrated part of the evolved radio access, and not as an extension added to the specification at a later stage. 14. As grid computing continues to gain popularity in the research community, it also attracts more attention from the enterprise and consumer levels. 15. To produce such highfrequency radio-like coherent signal was extremely important.

///. Complete the sentences by using suitable infinitives.

1.This car is designed ...

2.The young man works hard ...

3.1 went abroad ...

4.To be up to date means ...

5.We have decided ...

6.Satellites are used ...

7.Amplifier is able ...

8.Experiments helped Mendeleev ...

9.There are projects ...

10.One way to safe our environment is ...

IV. Use to before the Infinitives where possible.

1. We did eveiything we could ... make him ... join us. 2. In order ... fulfill the requirements on coverage, capacity, and high data rates, various multi-antenna schemes need ... be supported as part of the long-term 3G evolution. 3.1 don't... like jogging. 4.1 would love ... visit India one day. 5. Hydroelectric power plants must...

take care not to flood the surrounding area. 6. We are ... use a new electronic device in this experiment. 7. This young scientist was the first ... make a report at the congress. 8. Please let me ... know your decision as soon as possible. 9. If you can't

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