англ_практикум

... remember bis number you would better ... look it up. 10. The signal processing technologies utilized in radio systems tend ... vary greatly from program to program, and generation to generation

V. Complete the sentences using to or for.

1. In the late 1990s researches started to look ... a rrSterial that could serve as silicon dioxide's replacement. 2. She opened the file ... look for the necessary information. 3. She scanned the text ... the needed data. 4. I turned on the radio ...

listen to the news. 5. Technology has led ... robots replacing factory workers on car assembly lines. 6. The programmer is responsible ... installing a new computer system. 7. In practice, the system does not work ... most people. 8. This plant's ability ... retain water allows it ... flourish in conditions where others fail. 9. Please pay a very close attention ... what I am about... say. 10. Computer scientists tried ...

investigate how long it would take a quantum computer and a classical computer ...

search and sort lists of entries.

VI. Use the right form of the Infinitive in brackets.

1. I have looked everywhere but the file appears ... (misplace).

2. The objective of information systems is ... (provide) information to all levels of management at the most relevant time and at an acceptable level of accuracy.

3.Signals ... must be strong enough, (measure)

4.RAM is the place in a computer where the computer's operating system, application programs and data are kept so they can ... (reach) quickly by the computer's central processor unit.

5.The dictionary seems ... (belong) to my great-grandfather. It appears (publish) ages ago.

6.English people don't like ... (tell) what to do.

7.Crystal radio got its name from a crystal of galena (lead sulphide) that was used ... (rectify) the radio signals so that they can ... (hear) in an earpiece.

8.Copper is widely used ... (produce) wire conductors.

9.it is hard ... (take) in the full impact on society of the increased use of computers.

1 O.Power supply must... (cut) off during repairs.

VII. Complete the sentences using either too or enough.

1. The river is ... polluted to swim.

2.Erica is old ... to make her own decisions.

3.The exam was ... difficult for me.

4.The hole in the ozone layer means that parts of the earth don't get... protection from ultraviolet radiation.

5. Materials used for supersonic structure must be strong	to withstand the air
resistance at high speeds.
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6.This car is ... expensive for me to buy.

7.The voice warning system for cars requires the connection of 18 wires, but it is simple ... to be installed in a car.

8. The	silicon-dioxide layer of transistors is ... thin to be a perfect insulator.
9. I'm	sorry I could not take your call before;	the signal	on my phone	was ...
weak.
10. Infrared rays emitted by any object on the		road are	to be intensive	... for
sensors to pick them up.

VIII. Make one sentence from two. Complete the new sentence using too or enough.

Example: I can't buy this computer. It is too expensive for me.

This computer is too expensive for me to buy.

1.Nobody could move the piano. It was too heavy. The piano ...

2.I cant explain the situation. It is too complicated. The situation ...

3.You can't see some things without a microscope. They are too small. Some ...

4.Light beam of a laser can vaporize the hardest and most heat-resistant materials. It is intensive enough.

Light beam...

5.I can't use the "night vision" system in my automobile. It is not small enough. The "night vision" system ...

IX. Read the text. Express the main idea of the text. Translate it.

Electrons in atoms

Cathode rays are widely used to draw information on television, computer and radar screens. In these devices, electrons are temporarily free as they move through the vacuum inside, for example, a television tube. However, if electrons are the normal constituents of atoms, how can they become free? To answer this question requires a little knowledge of atomic structure.

Atoms are extremely small "bits" of material - millions of them would lie side by side across the diameter of a dot. At the core of an atom is a nucleus. The atomic particles are called protons and neutrons which have their home in the nucleus. Electrons, however, make up the electron cloud outside the nucleus. The nucleus is very small compared with the overall size of an atom.

From the point of view of electronics, the most important properties of an electron are its electrical charge and its small mass. Its electrical charge means that it can be moved by an electric field, as in a telephone wire, or between the electrodes in a cathode ray tube. Its small mass means that the path of a beam of electrons can be

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rapidly deflected by electric and magnetic fields as in a television tube. An electron carries a negative charge and the proton an equal magnitude but positive charge. Since these charges are of opposite sign, the electrons remain in an electron cloud around the nucleus, each electron occupying a particular energy level. The neutron does not carry an electrical charge, i.e. it is said to be electrically neutral, and it does not have any part to play in making electrons stay in the electronic cloud.

Electronics is to do with the use of semiconductors as well as conductors and insulators. Semiconductors are the basis of electronics devices such as transistors and diodes, heat sensors called thermistors, light-emitting diodes and integrated circuits. Semiconductor has an electrical resistance that falls somewhere between that of a conductor and an insulator.

Two of the commonest elements from which semiconductors are made are the chemical elements silicon and germanium. Silicon is abundant in the Earth's crust and is present in sand and glass. Both elements are important in electronics because their resistance can be controlled to produce useful semiconductors. This is achieved by adding minute amounts of carefully selected substances to them, a process called doping.

Once a very pure crystal of silicon has been manufactured, the silicon is doped with impurity atoms to make useful semiconductors! These impurity atoms are chosen so that they make a "bad fit" in the crystal structure of silicon, due to the impurity atoms having too many or too few electrons in their outer shells. Depending on the impurity atoms, two types of semiconductor are produced in this way, n-type or p-type.

If silicon is doped with, for example, phosphorus atoms, an n-type semiconductor is produced. This arises because a phosphorus atom has five electrons in its outer shell. It happens when an atom of phosphorus is embedded in the crystal structure of pure silicon. Four of the five outer phosphorus electrons form covalent bonds with neighbouring silicon atoms, leaving a fifth unpaired electron. This unattached electron is now weakly bound to its parent phosphorus atom and it is therefore free to wander off and contribute to current flow through the semiconductor. Phosphorus is said to be a donor impurity since each atom of phosphorus can donate an electron. The addition of phosphorus has therefore changed the electrical properties of silicon. It has become an electrical conductor, not a good one but semiconductor, due to the presence of free electrons donated by phosphorus atoms. Thus, the "n" in n-type semiconductor denotes the contribution electrons make to current flow through this semiconductor and are known as majority charge carriers. There are also a very few electrons and holes produced by the effect of heat, that breaks covalent bonds between silicon atoms. The holes in an n-type semiconductor are called minority charge carriers. The contribution of minority charge carriers to the current that flows in n-type semiconductor is negligible, but note that the holes flow in the opposite direction to the electrons.

By doping silicon with atoms such as boron that have three electrons in their outer shells, a p-type semiconductor is produced. Three of its outer electrons become paired with neighbouring silicon atoms, leaving one unpaired silicon electron. The vacant space will accept another electron. The vacancy created in silicon by doping it

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with boron is known as a hole. Since this hole attracts an electron, it behaves as if it had a positive charge. Boron is said to be an acceptor impurity since it creates a vacancy in the crystal structure enabling it to accept an electron. The presence of holes acting as positive charges in boron-doped silicon produces a p-type semiconductor ("p" for positive).

Vocabulary:

constituent - составная часть, составляющая particle - частица

overall - полный, общий, предельный magnitude - величина, размер

to deflect - отражать

shell - оболочка .* abundant - избыточный

minute - крохотный, мелкий, незначительный thermistor - терморезистор

heat sensor - тепло-чувствительный элемент

to embed - впитывать посторонние смеси, погружать, внедрять acceptor - акцептор (тип примеси в полупроводнике)

doping - добавление примесей impurity - примесь

to donate - выпустить negligible - незначительный hole - дырка

bond - связь, соединение

X. Find the Infinitives in the text and define their functions.

XI. Read the	text again and answer the questions.
1. State two	examples	of materials that are electrical insulators and two examples
of materials that are		electrical conductors.

2.Describe the simple model of an atom.

3.Describe he process which is called doping.

4.What does the type of semiconductor depend on?

5.An element widely used in the manufacture of semiconductors is silicon/carbon/iron?

6.What does "n" in n-type semiconductor denote?

7.What does "p" in p-type semiconductor denote?

8.Explain how silicon becomes a p-type semiconductor when it is doped with boron.

9.Explain how silicon becomes an n-type semiconductor when it is doped with phosphorus.

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XII. Read the text again and decide whether these statements are true or false.

1.Electrons don't make up the electron cloud outside the nucleus.

2.Free electrons must be present in a material if they are to conduct electricity easily.

3.A small mass of an electron means that the path of a beam can be slowly deflected by electric field.

4.The neutron does not carry an electrical charge.

5.Semiconductor is the basis of light emitting diodes.

6.The holes flow in the same direction as electrons do in an n-type semiconductor.

7.Boron is an acceptor impurity because it creates a vacancy in the crystal structure.

XIII. Complete the sentences using the correct variant

1.In electronic devices electrons

a)can't be free;

b)can be free.

2.The most important properties of an electron are

a)its electrical charge and small mass;

b)its electron cloud and nucleus.

3.The path of a beam of electrons

a)can be deflected;

b)cant be deflected.

4.The electrons remain in an electron cloud around the nucleus because the electron and proton charges

a)are of the same sign;

b)are of opposite sign.

5.Silicon and germanium are very important because their resistance

a)can be controlled to produce useful semiconductors;

b)falls somewhere between that of a conductor and an insulator.

XIV. Combine words from Box A with words from Box B to make collocations.

A	B
impurity	shells
outer	bond
covalent	atom
crystal	sensor
atomic	structure
heat	particle

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XV. Connect the words with their definitions.

1.	impurity	6.	particle
2.	nucleus	7.	shell
3.	proton	8.	atom
4.	neutron	9.	doping
5.	resistance	10. electron

11. hole

a) a very small piece of a substance with a positive electric charge that forms part of the nucleus.

b)a very small piece of a substance with a negative electric charge found in all atoms.

c)a vacancy in the crystal structure of a semiconductor that is able to attract an electron.

d)an element such as boron that is added to silicon to produce a semiconductor with desirable electrical qualities.

e)the central and relatively small part of an atom that is made up of protons and neutrons.

f)a particle in the nucleus of an atom that has no electrical charge and a mass roughly equal to that of the proton.

g)the process of introducing minute amount of material into a silicon to produce n-type or p-type semiconductors in the making of transistors, integrated circuits and other semiconductor devices.

h) the smallest particle of a chemical element that can exist alone.

i)the outer structure or layer of something.

j)a force that stops something moving or makes it move more slowly.

k)a very small piece of matter, such as an electron or proton, that is part of an

atom.

XVI Complete each sentence with a wordfrom the box

impurity, particle, electrons, shells, doping, resistance, holes, atom, protons, nucleus ,

1. In fact, the neutron and proton have about equal masses whereas the mass of an

electron is about 2000 times smaller than either ....

2. The main reason semiconductor materials are so useful is that the behaviour of

a semiconductor can be easily manipulated by the addition of impurities, known

as...

3.A semiconductor without... is called a natural semiconductor.

4.In a crystal of pure silicon, each of the four outer "valence" electrons forms a covalent bond with an electron from a neighbouring silicon ....

5. The electrons in a model of a silicon structure are arranged in what are known as ... surrounding the nucleus.

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6.Electrical ... is a measure of the ease (or difficulty) with which electrical current is able to flow through a material.

7.There are no free ... available in a crystalline structure to make silicon conduct electricity and so it is an insulator.

8.The flow of ... can be likened to the movement of an empty seat in a row of a theatre seat.

9.Electrical insulators contain electrons that are more strongly bound to the parent

... and therefore free electrons are scarce.

10.A model of a silicon atom has fourteen electrons surrounding a nucleus containing fourteen ... and fourteen neutrons.

XVII. Form the correct verb from the word in bold using suffixes: -en, -ise, -ify, or prefix en-.

1.1 think you should ... (large) some of the photographs.

2.The teacher should ... (simple) the information so that everybody understands

it.

3.They are planning to ... (modern) the factory and buy new machinery.

4.They boiled the water in order to... (pure) it.

5.The council has decided to ... (wide) the main road into the city centre.

6.The government promised to ... (broad) access to higher education.

7.The study of science ... (rich) all our life.

8.Please,... (close) all translated words in brackets.

9.My parents always ... (courage) me in my choice of career.

10.Nothing could ... (weak) his determination to continue.

XVIII. Fill in the correct preposition (in, on, to, from, for, of, with).

1. The electrical charge ... a proton is equal and opposite ... the charge ... the electron, making the normal hydrogen atom electrically neutral. 2. Hydrogen and oxygen are just two of more than 100 different atoms ... the universe, all made ... the three main atomic building blocks, neutrons, protons and electrons. 3. Copper is a good electrical conductor so it is used ... connecting wires along which electrons flow easily between one device and another. 4. We are interested ... what happens ...

the resistance of silicon when a small amount of an impurity is added ...it. 5. She is capable ... answering all the questions herself. 6. Concentrate ... what you are doing. 7. The electrons ... a p-type semiconductor are called minority charge carriers. 8. He is experienced ... electronics. 9. The project detects the electric fields associated ...

static electricity. 10. Static electricity is a natural occurrence most evident ... the form ... lightning flashes, sparks crackling in clothing when dressing or undressing, and the small electrical shock received when touching a car door.

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XIX. Use the verbs in brackets in the required form of the Infinitive.

1.Free electrons can (move) easily by applying an electrical pressure, or voltage, between the ends of the material.

2.An electrical force is required (make) an electron move through a conductor.

3.He pretended (listen) the lecture attentively.

4.Home Server can (set up) to provide remote access to your files.

5.The presentation held yesterday seems (have) a success.

6.He seems (work) at the radio receiver for the last three weeks.

7.The earliest type of radio receiver appears (design) at the beginning of the last century.

8.Libraries are often reluctant (allow) very old printed materials or historical

manuscripts (scan), especially in cases of rare		or unique works that might easily
be damaged.	x
9. I am happy (sign) the contract with the publishing house Baronet.
lO.Electronic equipment is widely used (diagnose) the cause of illnesses.
XX. Discussion.	In pairs discuss the following	questions.

Look at the following possible technological advances. Which ones do you think will occur in the next 50 years? Are there any which you think will never happen? Give reasons for your opinions.

a)a computer that can hold a proper conversation;

b)a plane that can fly day and night on solar power;

c)a manned mission to Mars;

d)an electric car which is as fast as a petrol-powered one;

e)a device which predicts earthquakes accurately;

f)a hurricane-proof home.

Unit 6

1.Сложное подлежащее

2.Сложное дополнение

3.Инфинитивный оборот с предлогом for

4.Текст «Analogue and digital displays»

5. Значения слов either, neither и их сочетаний

/. Find the infinitives and translate the following sentences.

1. The autonomous transmission mode permits the mobile system to start data transmission at any given time up to a preauthorized maximum data rate. 2. Charles Augustin de Coulomb, born in 1736, was a military engineer in his younger days, but his fondness for scientific engineer led him to formulate the inverse square law of forces between electrically charged spheres. 3. When you stand near a working

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engine you feel it vibrate. 4. Evolutionary design enables a computer to run through tens of millions of variations on an invention until it hits on the best solution to a problem. 5. A team of researches expect a new light bulb to be much more energyefficient and to last longer than the devices onto which it is inserted. 6. Very high temperatures often cause certain materials to break. 7. Bad weather conditions make pilots switch over to automatic control. 8. The students heard the professor speak about his experimental work. 9. Recent discoveries in superconductivity made scientists look for new conducting materials and for practical applications of the phenomenon. 10. Photonic crystals let a Canadian firm called Opalux produce electronic paper with bright, sharp colours. 11. All of these models enable online groups of users to organize themselves into niches and charge advertisers for access to them. 12. New gizmos that combine audio guides with satellite tracking let tourists explore cities at their own pace. 13. Tracking services allow parents to pinpoint the location of their children with ease. 14. Nextel enables other firms to build their own software and services on top of its GPS technology. 15. Sprint has launched a service that can let parents know when a child arrives at a particular location, such as school or friend's house.

II. Translate the sentences paying attention to the Complex Object

1. He wishes the work to be done at once. 2. She expected me to follow her advice. 3. They encourage her to apply for a job. 4. They know him to be a responsible person. 5. They advised us to use a new electronic device in this experiment. 6. Ampere supposed the magnetic force to surround a current-carrying conductor. 7. Scientists believe new laser devices to be widely used in medicine. 8.1 want you to find me a place in the first row. 9. We know many substances to possess the property of electricity. 10. Many switches in everyday use require a mechanical force to operate them.

III.Translate the sentences paying attention to the for-to-infinitive construction.

1. It was difficult for him to do anything else. 2. The sun is a power source which makes it possible for man to live on Earth. 3. The noise from the engine was so deafening that it was impossible for passengers to talk with each other. 4. A system of satellites is provided for people to watch the central TV program. 5. There are prospects for lasers to be used in long distance communication and for transmission of energy to space stations. 6. It is possible for a compound to be superconducting even if the chemical elements constituting it are not. 7. ScanRobots made it possible for the Bavarian library to digitize all of the four-century-old books; the scanned books will be put on-line. 8. The time has already come for the automotive companies to install Sirius Radio hardware as optional equipment. 9. In electronic circuits, it is usual for values of current and potential difference to be small while values of resistance are large. 10. When colour television was introduced in the UK in 1967 it was necessary for a colour receiver to display a good monochrome picture,

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for example of early films. 11. Lots of people are interested in the way the Internet makes it possible for people to organize themselves according to their preferences and habits into tiny niches, access to which can then be bought and sold. 12. GPS (Global Positioning System) satellite technology is provided for tourists to present a narration over the stereo system about the places they pass. 13. Child-friendly mobile phones outfitted with GPS technology are designed especially for parents to track every move of their children. 14. An external circuit provides a path for electrons to return to the p-type material and produce an electric current along the way that continues as long as light strikes the solar cell. 15. I am still waiting for the mail to come.

IV. Translate the sentences paying attention to the Complex Subject

1. The method appears to befof some interest. 2. The project is unlikely to meet the goals. 3. Devices such as lamps, switches, batteries and transistors are known to be components of a useful circuit. 4. The improvement of the technological process is supposed to ensure lower cost of power. 5. Long transmission lines are known to be necessary for the transfer of electric energy over long distances. 6. By 1948 about 1000 FM stations were appeared to be licensed. 7. The railroad transport was considered to be the best means of communication some years ago. 8. The appearance of mobile phones is certain to change as new features continue to be added. 9. Each Bluetooth radio chip has a unique identifying code which is known to be used to look up a person's information. 10. Light-emitting diodes are expected to become far more widespread in the coming years, because they use less energy.

V. Change complex sentences into sentences with the Complex Object.

Example: He expects that everybody will be ready to do this work.

He expects everybody to be ready to do this work.

1.We expect that he will solve this problem soon.

2.The survey proved that the video game became very popular and over 90 versions of it was produced.

3.We know that electronic-paper displays are making their way into a number of products.

4.A system developed at IBM, called Sensei ensures that operators are easy to understand and deal with callers efficiently.

5.Researches found that an e-book reader with a cellular connection was developed by Polymer Vision based in the Netherlands.

6.We have heard that a team of scientists of Bell Laboratories invented the first practical solar cell in 1954.

7.Heinrich Hertz declared: "I do not think that the wireless waves that I have discovered will have any practical application'.

8.I saw how the new locomotive started from the station.

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9. I assume that sensors are not only being added to devices that already have electronics on them, but being put on to things that were formerly bare of any technology at all.

10. David Clark, a computer scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology who helped to develop the Internet, believes that in 15 or 20 years' time the network will accommodate a trillion devices, most of them wireless.

VI. Open the brackets and use the Complex Subject.

Example: James is expected (make) a report next Wednesday.

James is expected to make a report next Wednesday.

1.He is believed (work) at an urgent problem now.

2.They are known (make) a new discovery a month ago.

3.She is supposed (work) in the laboratory from 2 p.m. to 7 p.m. tomorrow.

4. The optical equivalent of a transistor is reported (produce) last month.

5.Over the next few month passengers are supposed (allow) to use their phones on a handful of aircraft.

6.The technological standard for transistor gate length is considered (change) within a couple of years.

7.Today the researchers are said (work) on making networked light fittings capable of monitoring the objects throughout a building.

8.All the benefits of the computing world - innovation, short development cycles and low cost proved (extend) to wireless communication recently.

9.A method for recording information on crystal by means of laser is known (develop) by a Russian researcher.

10. Today's aircraft is expected (replace) by a new model of hypersonic aircraft by the year 2010.

VII. Change the sentences using be likely, be unlikely, be sure.

Example: The plane may not reach the place of destination on time. The plane is unlikely to reach the place of destination.

1.US News&World Report suggested that solar cells may provide more power than all the world's coal, oil and uranium.

2.Superconductors may find applications we don't even think of at present.

3.They may not follow my recommendation.

4.The latest achievements in the field of nanotechnology will certainly make a revolution in our life.

5.Potential technical uses of high temperature superconductivity may be impossible and impractical.

6.A century is long time for engineers and our early ideas were certainly a hint oi the solutions that we shall ultimately implement.

7.Making computer displays with higher pixel densities is costly, because you may get dead pixels during manufacturing.

8.A machinery may be damaged by mechanical shocks.

9.A digital instrument will certainly measure frequency and temperature when it is plugged in sensors.

lO.The vessel may not arrive at the port of destination before October 1.

VIII. Translate the sentences and define the Complex Object and the Complex Subject.

1. Scientists use sensors to monitor the environment. 2. If mobile social networks do take off, they are likely to do so first in Europe, rather than tech-happy California or mobile-crazy Japan. 3. Martin Cooper of Motorola is widely considered to be the inventor of the first practical mfcbile phone for handheld use in a non-vehicle setting. 4. When the switch is closed, it offers a low resistance path and allows current to flow round the circuit. 5. The new technology enables control to be exercised from a distance and lets different devices interconnect to do something new. 6. The direct current is considered to flow from the positive terminal of the battery to the negative terminal and is called the conventional current flow. 7. An antenna and extra power allow the signal to be transmitted over long distances. 8. Mobile phones have already changed social practices among their users, and they are likely to do so even more in future. 9. The development of new and even more efficient multi-antenna algorithm is supposed to continue for a long time into the future. 10. The evolution is expected to continue to enhance the performance and capabilities of the 3G cellular standards.

FX. Open the brackets and use the Complex object.
Example: I would like	(the professor,	look	through)	my report.
I would like	the professor to	look	through	my report.

1.1suppose (they, work) in the office at the moment.

2.He expected (the meeting, hold) in the Red Room.

3.Recommendations from physicists will allow (the necessary measures, take) to protect the air from pollution.

4.We know (radio navigation stations, locate) at different places around the world to guide the pilots.

5.These articles will let (she, know) about the most famous technologists the world.

6.We know (the first digital optical disks, produce) in 1982 as disks for music.

7. We consider (he, be) a real inventor of the blue light-emitting diode.

8. Everybody heard (he, say) that it was possible to develop a mathematical model for constantly changing channels and then identify the channel by sending in "test" signals.

9. Would you like (I, help) you with a research facility?

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10. What made (you, decide) to promote the cooperation between academia and industry?

X. Read the text. Express the main idea of the text. Translate it

Analogue and digital displays

You have only to think of the array of instruments in the cockpit of a modern airliner, or the control room of a power station to realize that the most convenient way to convey information to a human operator of an electronic system is to use some form of visual display. We know two types of displays to be used, analogue or digital, but sometimes a combination of both of them. An analogue multimeter displays the value of a measurement on a moving-coil meter that uses a pointer moving over a calibrated scale. On the other hand, a digital multimeter generally uses a liquid crystal display (LCD) or a seven-segment light-emitting diode (LED) display to give a numerical value of a measurement.

Digital displays based on LCDs and LEDs are known to have largely replaced analogue displays in many different types of instrument. The main advantage of LED and LCD displays is that, they are more rugged and can stand up to vibration better than the rather fragile moving-coil meter. They are also cheaper and easier to manufacture, and purpose-designed integrated circuits are readily available to operate them. But perhaps the main reason for their rise to fame is that many of today's electronic systems process digital signals that are compatible with the operating principles of LCDs and LEDs.

Numerical display is not always the preferred choice in a digital system. Sometimes it is better to use an analogue display when the change in a reading is looked for. Analogue displays are often used on hi-fi amplifiers in preference to digital displays to indicate the audio power delivered to loudspeakers or the signal strength of a radio station. These analogue displays use a "bar of light" made of discrete LEDs or LCD segments that lengthen or shortens in response to the signal strength. Analogue displays of that kind make it easier to see how the signal strength changes with time rather than having to interpret the precise value. Perhaps that is why some people prefer digital watches with LCD "hands" since the time of day seems to have more meaning when set against the twelve-hour scale of time round the face of the watch.

The combination of electronics and optics is known to be optoelectronics. For example, an LED is an optoelectronics device. Numbers, letters and other symbols are formed by the selective illumination of one or more segments arranged in the form of the figure "8". Each of the LEDs labeled 'a' to 'g' can be switched on or off by digital circuits. A display of this type, forming both numbers and some letters, is known as an alphanumeric display.

The LCD is a popular method of displaying information, especially in digital watches and pocket games. LCDs can display not just numerical data, but also words and pictures. Large-area LCDs rather than a cathode-ray tube are commonly used on some oscilloscopes, laptop computers and scientific calculators. The main reason for

52

choosing LCDs for these applications is that their power consumption is minute compared with LED displays. Whereas the LED display requires electrical power to generate light, the LCD simply controls available light. This means that it is easily seen in bright sunlight but it cannot be seen in the dark unless the display is backlighted".

The LCD relies on the transmission or absorption of light by certain organic carbon crystals that behave as if they were both solid and liquid, that is, their molecules readily take up a pattern as in a crystal and yet flow as a liquid. In the construction of the common LCD unit, this compound is sandwiched between two closely-spaced, transparent metal electrodes that are in the form of a pattern, e.g. as a seven-segment digit. When an a.c. signal is applied across a selected segment, the electric field causes the molecular arrangement of the crystal to change, and the segment shows up as a dark area against a silvery background. A polarizing filter on the top and bottom of the display enhances the contrast of black against silver by reducing reflected light. This type of LCD is called a field-effect LCD, since it relies on the electric field produced by the a.c. signal.

Vocabulary:

to convey - передавать compatible - совместимый

moving-coil meter - магнитно-электрический измерительный прибор с подвижной катушкой

multimeterуниверсальный электроизмерительный прибор calibrated scale - градуированная шкала

light-emitting diode display - светодиодный дисплей to be rugged - прочный, износоустойчивый

fragile - хрупкий

numerical display - цифровой дисплей (индикатор) a.c. (alternating current) - переменный ток oscilloscope - осциллограф

enhance - усиливать, улучшать

alphanumeric display — алфавитно-цифровой дисплей

high-fidelity amplifier - усилитель высококачественного воспроизведения polarizing filter - поляризационный светофильтр

XI. Find the Infinitives in the text and define their functions.

XII. Find the sentences with the Complex Object and the Complex Subject in the text

XIII. Read the text again and answer the questions.

1. What types of displays are used by a digital multimeter? 2. Why are LCDs and LEDs so popular today?

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3.What is optoelectronics?

4.Which devices use LCD?

5.What is an alphanumeric display?

6.What type of LCD is called a field-effect LCD?

7.When is it better to use analogue displays?

8.What is the work of LCD based on?

9.Compare the advantages and disadvantages of analogue and digital watches with respect to ease of use and other factors.

10.State two advantages of a liquid crystal display compared with a light-emitting diode display.

XIV. Decide whether these statements are true or false.

1.Digital displays completely replaced analogue displays.

2.Both LED and LCD displays can stand up to vibration.

3.Digital displays are more preferable to use in comparison with analogue displays.

4.The LCD is an optoelectronics device.

5.LCDs cant display numerical data.

6.The LED can display both numbers and letters.

7.The LED display doesn't need electrical power to generate light.

8! Field-effect LCD is called in this way because it is based on the electric field.

XV. Combine words from Box A with words from Box B to make collocations.

A	B
digital	amplifier
analogue	data
hi-fi	scale
numerical	multimeter
audio	display
calibrated	power

XVI. Connect the words with their definitions.

	1. alphanumerics		6. liquid crystal display
	2. multimeter		7. light-emitting diode display
			8. integrated circuit
	3.	loudspeaker
	4.	oscilloscope	9. optoelectronics

5. display	10. absorption

a) a branch of electronics dealing with the interaction between light and

electricity;

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b)an analogue or digital instrument for measuring current, potential difference and resistance and used for testing and fault-finding in designing and testing of electronic circuits;

c)a display used in computer monitors, notebook PCs and TVs that is typically smaller, lighter and less power hungry than their cathode-ray tube equivalents;

d)the use of seven-segment displays, liquid crystal displays and other optoelectronics devices to display numbers, letters and some punctuation marks and mathematical symbols;

e)a display which is based on a small semiconductor diode that emits light when current passes between its anode and cathode terminals;

f)an instrument that produces a visual representation of an oscillating electric current on the screen of a cathode-ray tube;

g)a device for converting electrical signals into sounds;

h)a very complex electronic circuit that has resistors, transistors, capacitors and other components formed on a single silicon chip;

i) a device capable of representation information visually;

j) the process of a liquid, gas or other substance being taken in.

XVII. Complete each sentence with a word from the box.

Multimeter, analogue, integrated circuit, display, oscilloscope, liquid crystal display, light-emitting diode, loudspeaker, compound, illumination

1. Hi-fi amplifiers increase the power of audio frequency signals from tapes,

records and	compact disks before delivery to a (an)
2. When a	(an)	is being used to measure the resistance of a

component, it brings into action an internal battery, which makes a small current flow through the component.

3. Common salt is a (an)			of sodium and chlorine.
4.	The colour of the light emitted		from	depends on	the type of
"impurity" introduced into the crystal structure of gallium arsenide.
5. Purpose-designed		packages are available to make the job easier for
the circuit designer.
6.	A light bulb could be used	for rear-projection televisions as well			as general
7.	A digital multemeter performs rather better than an				multemeter

when it is used to measure voltage.

8. An electric current is passed through a special liquid and numbers, letters, pictures can be seen on a

9	are widely used in the design and development of amplifiers,
music synthesizers, televisions, radios and computers.
10. Thanks to the advances in technology, there		are now several kinds of video
	used in modern TV sets, for example a	flat panel.

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XVIII. Translate the sentences into Russian, paying attention to the meanings of highlighted words.

1. The screen will display the user's name in the top right-hand corner. 2. There are two types of seven-segment display which depend on the nature of the digital circuits. 3. The exhibition gives local companies an opportunity to display their new devices. 4. A digital multimeter does not have any moving parts, and what is measured is displayed on a liquid crystal display (LCD) or a light-emitting diode (LED) display. 5. Electronic analogue watch uses digital circuits for timing but displays the time in analogue form. 6. Colours like red convey a sense of energy and strength. 7. Pipes convey hot water from the boiler to the radiators. 8. Students were asked to interpret the meaning of the term. 9. The data can be interpreted in many different ways. 10. She couldn't speak much English so her children had to interpret for her. 11. Proteins are by far the most complex chemical compounds. 12. The problem was compounded by new circumstances. 13. The substance was compounded with certain chemicals to make an explosive material. 14. The DNA molecule is compounded from many smaller molecules.

XIX. Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to the words either and neither and their combinations.

1. I can only say that although these are problems, I have neither the space here nor the relevant knowledge to address them. 2. Neither candidate was selected for the job. 3. Electric current can be either direct current or alternating current. 4. They produced two reports, neither of which contained any useful information. 5. We can meet on Saturday or Monday. Either day is fine for me. 6.1 am going to buy either a camera or a CD player. 7. Neither of the boys had seen the film before. 8. Today's earbuds are either in or out; future earpieces will give users the option of adding a discreet soundtrack to their everyday lives. 9. Neither device is reliable. 10. Sarah hasn't got a TV and she hasn't got a CD player either.

XX. Discussion. In pairs discuss the following questions.

1. Speak about different types of displays. What are their advantages and disadvantages.

2. How have developments in technology affected the world?

Unît 7

1.Причастие I (The Participle I)

2.Причастие II (The Participle II)

3.Независимый причастный оборот

4.Текст «А new old idea»

5.Значения слова since

I. Translate the sentences with Participle I in the function of attribute.

1. Planes are one of the few remaining places where mobile phones do not work. 2. The system being tested will increase the safety and fuel efficiency of a car. 3. A growing number of mobile phones have built-in GPS or can determine their locations using other technologies. 4. The Question now being discussed at the meeting is very important. 5. The boiling water is evaporating. 6. I came upon an article in a 2005 issue of Popular Science explaining the basic idea of a new field called information theory. 7. The system being tested will increase the safety and fuel efficiency of a car. 8. A second emerging technology is based on organic light-emitting diodes. 9. The large house being built in our street is a new school. 10. In the 1980s, a local engineer, Ralph Schmidt determined the directions of signals being received by an antenna array.

II.Translate the sentences with Participle I in the function of adverbial modifier.

1. The problem is that loading the insulator with carbon changes its density, making the material softer and weaker. 2. The microprocessor helped to get rid of crystals, copper coils and vacuum tubes, putting the ingredients of a radio almost entirely on silicon. 3. Sprint spent several years testing a number of different communications technologies before choosing WiMax. 4. While studying Newton's work "Principia" a young physicist discovered a mistake in the calculations. 5. When driving a car one should be very attentive. 6. Working on the improvement of the incandescent filament lamp Edison made a series of experiments. 7. Today, using Internet telephony almost anyone can be a telecommunications carrier, including Google, Skype, Vonage and Yahoo. 8. Kailath spent most of his career at Stanford, working his way through the professional to director of the Information System Laboratory and associate department chair. 9. While studying photovoltages, Brattain and Gibney overcame the blocking effects of the surface states by immersing the semiconductor and the metal plate in the electrolyte. 10. Being provided with batteries an electric car can develop a speed of 50 miles an hour.

III. Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to Perfect Participle.

1. Having employed a durable carbonized filament, he solved at last the problem of cheap illumination on a large scale. 2. Having designed a car radar the engineers

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started complex tests. 3. Having been tested the computer system was installed at a plant. 4. Having been heated the substance changed its properties. 5. Having proved his point, Dr. Liu is now trying to design sensors that work more like the sense cells in a real lateral line. 6. Having stated the laws of gravity Newton was able to explain the structure of the Universe. 7. Having received his doctorate Brattain joined Bell Labs. 8. Having been published in 1687 Newton's laws of motion are still the basis for research. 9. Having produced a field effect device a grope of engineers invented a bipolar transistor. 10. Having summed up the information about the speed and distance of various objects ahead, the computer detects all possible dangers and their nature.

IV. Translate the sentences paying attention to Participle II in the function of attribute.

1. Separate earpieces linked to the handset by a Bluetooth radio link, are already growing in popularity. 2. This year around 10 billion microcomputers will be sold, embedded in anything from computers to coffee-makers. 3. Electronic-paper displays, first developed in the 1970s are finally making their way into a number of products. 4. Climate change, the alteration in the established weather patterns is likely to bring still more economic, political and social havoc. 5. Capacitor has an almost unlimited lifetime. 6. Today's earpieces may give way to smaller devices hidden in earrings or worn as minuscule patches on the skin near the ear. 7. The departure was delayed by a fault in the transistorized garage door opener. 8. At the low voltages used in ultracapacitors, carbon is inert and does not react chemically with the ions attached to it. 9. The first television set produced in 1939 was a tiny nine-by-twelve inch box. 10. New technologies reduce the number of workers needed.

V.Translate the sentences paying attention to Participle II in the function of adverbial modifier.

1. When completed, the project must meet the specifications. 2. If placed in evacuated glass bulb and heated by electric current, the tungsten filament presents the most suitable material for an incandescent lamp. 3. Provided with special mechanism the carburetor helps the engine turn on at once in cold weather. 4. Though discovered, Newton's mistake had no influence on his theory. 5. If compared to today's TV program, the first black-and-white pictures were not very good. 6. Invented in 1947 by the three-man team of Bardeen, Shockley and Brattain at the Bell Telephone Laboratories, the transistor became the most important basic building block of almost all circuits. 7. If heated to 100°C water turns into steam. 8. When pulsed to a positive voltage, an electrode is capable of attracting a negative charge to the underside of the oxide layer beneath it. 9. Controlled by software many of the functions of chips can be continually upgrated at little cost. 10. Enrobed in glass and silicon, the chip is used to identify people when they enter and pay for drinks.

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VI. Translate the sentences, define the types of Participles and their functions.

1. The incandescent lamp was followed by a series of other inventions, making the name of Edison known throughout the world. 2. The technology, having been pioneered by Powercast in Philadelphia will be deployed for the first time this year by Philips, for lights on things like Christmas decorations. 3. The group developed computer algorithms for the systematic design of special-purpose chips, replacing many steps that previously had had to be done by hand. 4. The water jet imparts kinetic energy to the blades which spin, turning the rotor of the attached generator to produce electricity. 5. The new device is the latest in several generations of electronic particle detectors introduced since the late 1960s. 6. Computers built using the new technology can receive sensitive information for a short time, after which the information is cleared out of the device that accessed it. 7. Social factors play a crucial role in determining which*technologies having been adopted and how they are used. 8. A signal applied to the metal should modulate a current flowing through the semiconductor and so provide an amplifier. 9. Class-D amplifiers are known for their superhigh efficiencies and precise, detailed sound, and much of their growing success can be credited to a single remarkable product: the Universal Class D (UCD) amplifier module designed by Bruno Putzeys of Hypex Electronics in the Netherlands. 10. In 2007 the ultracapacitor market was between $ 272 million and $ 400 million, depending on the source and it is growing especially in the automotive sector. 11. All the existing ultracapacitor manufactures including Maxwell Technologies, Nesscap Panasonic and Power System Co. - are working on improved activated carbons or devices where one electrode functions as a battery and the other as an ultracapacitor. 12. I read an article describing a way how to grow vertically aligned carbon nanotubes on a flat surface. 13. When not actively using the device you might have the buttons display general information such as system status with free memory or the time in any city. 14. Shockley calculated that the effect achieved was some 1500 times smaller than his theory predicted. 15. The system implied solutions based on optical fibers and radio links with a capacity of 24 channels to 23 destinations.

VII. Make sentences beginning with Having ....

Example: We finished our work. We went home.

Having finished our work, we went home.

1.He wrote the letter, then he sent e-mail.

2.The plane was delayed by technical problems. It took off one hour late. 3.1 had seen photographs of the place. I had no desire to go there.

4.Marie and Pierre Curie discovered radium. It gave them the possibility to discover other radioactive substances.

5.Lodygin discovered that carbon filaments were not efficient enough, that is why he tried to find some other material, more suitable for the purpose.

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