16. Lexico-syntactical sd

Syntactical SD adds logical, emotive expressive information to the utterance, regardless of lexical Meanings of sentence components.

There are certain structures that emphasis depends not only on the arrangement of sentence members but also on their construction with definite demands on the lexical-semantic aspect of the utterance. They are known as lexical-syntactical SD

Antithesis (противопоставление ) is a lexical-syntactical stylistic device, based on parallel construction with contrasted words. It is often based on the use of antonyms.

e.g. God made the country. And man made the town.

Climax is a figure in which each next word-combination (clause, sentence) is logically more important or emotionally stronger or more explicit.

Климакс это показатель, в котором каждая следующая комбинация слов (оговорки, предложении) является логически более важными или эмоционально сильной и более явным.

e.g. Little by little, bit by bit, & day by day, year by year, the Baron got the worst of some disputed question.

Anticlimax is a figure in which consists in arrangement of parts of an utterance based on gradual decrease in semantic significance or emotional tension.

Антиклимакс это цифра, в которой состоит в расположении частей на высказывания основаны на постепенное уменьшение семантического значения или эмоциональное напряжение.

Simile is a lexico-syntactical stylistic device, which consists in the imaginative comparison of 2 unlike objects belonging to 2 different classes. The one which is compared is called the tenor & the other- the vehicle.

Сравнение является лексико-синтаксических стилистических устройством, которое состоит в творческое сравнение 2 в отличие от объектов, принадлежащих к различным классам 2. Тот, который по сравнению называется тенор И с другой-транспортного средства.

Link-words: like, as, as though, as as, as like, such as.

e.g. She(tenor) is like a rose(vehicle)

Litotes it is a two-component structure, in which 2 negations are joined to give a positive evaluation.

e.g. Her face was not unpretty.

The 1^st component in the negative participle “not”.

Periphrasis a sd, which consists of using a round about form of expression in stead of a simple one

Periphrasis are classified into: figurative and logical.

Figurative is based on metonymy or a metaphor. e.g. root of the devil, young blood.

Logical is based on the logical connotation of the periphrasis and in the specific features of the object. (strong sex)

17.The theory of intonation

Intonation is the variation of tone used when speaking. Intonation is used unconsciously. Armstrong and Ward: “Intonation is the rise and fall of the pitch of the voice”.

Intonation is like the ocean (ups and downs of pitching loudness).

Some languages use pitch (Intonation) syntactically to convey surprise or irony or to change a statement to a question – Intonation languages.

Some languages use Intonation to convey meaning – tonal languages (the syllables are contrasted by pitch).

Prosody – emprises all the components of Intonation and substitutes the tone of Intonation.

Every utterance together with its syllabic and phonetic structure and a certain prosody structure.

On the perception level intonation is a complex formed by significant variations of pitch loudness and tempo.

On the acoustic level pitch correlates with the fundament ion frequency of vibration of the vocal codes. Loudness correlates with the amplitude of vibrations. Tempo correlates with the time during which a speech unit lasts.

From the auditory aspect Intonation may be definable as a unity of speech melody, sentence stress and the timbre of the speech which serves to express the speakers idea, will, emotions and attitude.

American phoneticians: “Intonation is a melody and tone”.

British (Palmer, Kindom): melody and stress.

Russian (Vasil’ev) Intonation is a complex unity of several components: melody, stress, and timbre, temp.

They enable the speaker to express: - the attitude, - the emotions, - the meaning.

Melody (tone, tune) is the rise and fall in the pitch of the voice in the process of speech. 6 main tones: low fall - low rise; high fall - high rise; rise fall - fall rise.

Stress is prominence given to a syllable or to a word in a sentence.

All languages can be divided into 2 groups: Syllable timed (French, Spanish) and Stress timed (Germanic, Russian).

Usually stressed: noun. Adjective, numerals, verbs, auxiliary verbs with negative contracted forms, negative indianite pronouns, demonstrative pronouns in some cases, interrogative pronouns, absolute form of the possessive pronouns, just, only, also, too.

Usually unstressed: personal, reflexive, possessive pronounce, articles, particles (there), conjunctions.

Rhythm – a kind of frame work of speech organization, depends on the language.

Basic rhythmic unit is a rhythmic group.

Tempo – the rate of the utterance and pausation. It can be normal, slow and fast.

Pauses – can be syntactic, emphatic, hesitation.