- •Morphological structure of a word. Classification of Morphemes
- •2.Various ways of word-building in Modern English.
- •3. Modern English phraseology.
- •Structure of word-groups
- •Meaning of word-groups
- •Motivation in word-groups
- •Structural class-ion
- •Etimological class-ion
- •Proverbs (пословицы)
- •4.Lexico-semantic grouping in Modern e. Lexicon
- •5. The Latin borrowing of different periods & their historical background
- •6. French as the most important foreign influence on the e. Language (at 2 historical periods)
- •7. The Noun. The category of Case.
- •Category of voice
- •9. The Adjective. The category of Comparison.
- •10. Category of Definiteness - Indefiniteness
- •The functions of the indefinite article
- •The functions of the definite article
- •11.The theory of phrase
- •Subordinate word-groups fall into 2 parts: the head (an independent component) & the adjunct (a dependent component) a good [adjunct] book [head] Subordinate word-groups can be classified:
- •12.The sentence
- •Types of Sentences According to Structure
- •13.Categorical structure of the word
- •14.The theory of phoneme
- •Variants of allophones of one & the same phoneme can not distinguish the meaning of the words though the acoustic & articulatory aspects may be different & quite distinct.
- •15. Lexical stylistic devices.
- •16. Lexico-syntactical sd
- •Periphrasis a sd, which consists of using a round about form of expression in stead of a simple one
- •18.Phonetic & Graph. Stylistic devices
- •Graphical sd
- •19.Syntactical stylistic devices
- •Repetition (sd) is reiteration of the same word, word combination, phrase for 2 or more times. Several types:
- •20.Parts of speech(Gram. Classes of Words)
- •21.Types of meaning.Semantic structure of a word.
- •Change of meaning
18.Phonetic & Graph. Stylistic devices
PHONETIC.
Most Phonetic SD are: onamatopeia, alliteration, assonance.
ONAMATOPOEIA it is a combination of speech sounds which aims is imitating sounds produced by nature (wind), by things (machines or tools), by people, by animals or birds.
There are 2 types:
Direct onomatopoeia occurs on words that imitate natural sounds:
e.g. mur-mur; roar; buzz; ding-dong.
Indirect onomatopoeia is a combination of sounds the aim of which is to make the sound of the utterance an echo of its sense.
e.g. Tiger taiga burning bright
In the forest of the night.
ALLITERATION – is the repetition of consonants usually in the beginning of words.
As an example may serve the famous lines of E. A. Poe: Silken, sad, uncertain. Rustling of each purple curtain…
Last but not least
Assonance it is SD based on the repetition sounds or diphthongs without reguard of consonants, the kind of vowel rhyme.
e.g. How sad & bad & mad it was (Browning).
They both may produce the effect of euphony (a sense of ease & comfort in pronouncing or hearing).
Graphical sd
GRAPHON is The intentional(намеренное) violation (изменение) of a graphical shape of a word or word combination used to reflect its authentic pronunciation.
e.g. gimme (give me) ; leme (let me); gonna (going to); gotta (got to); mighta (might have); coupla (couple of); willya (will you).
Graph. Sd are used to convey the intensity of the stress, emphasizing & thus fore grounding the stressed words.
Capitalization (всё с большой буквы),
Hyphenation (дефис) of a word suggests the rhymed or clipped manner in which it is uttered as in the humiliation comment: e.g. ‘grinning like a chim-pan-zi’.
multiplication (e.g. I’ve a laaaarge cat)
italics (курсив).
19.Syntactical stylistic devices
1. Length & structure
Theoretically speaking a sentence can be of any length. Unable to specify the upper limit of sentence length we definitely know its lower mark to be one word. One-word sentence possesses a very strong emphatic impact for its only word obtains both the word & the sentence stress e.g. Silence. In the night.
Abrupt changes from short sentences to long ones & went back again create a very strong effect of tension for they serve to arrange to a nervous, uneven rhythm of an utterance. There is no direct correlation between the length & the structure of the sentence. Short sentences may be structured complicated while the long ones on the contrary may have only one subject predicate pair.
Inversion is a syntactical stylistic device based on violation of the traditional word order of the sentence, which does not alter the meaning of the sentence only giving it an additional logical impact or emotional colouring. When the inversion deals with the displacement of the predicate, it is complete inversion, when it deals with the displacement of the secondary members, it is partial inversion.
Rhetorical question Is a synt. SD based on a statement expressed in an interrogative from. As distinct from an ordinary question which is asked to find some information RQ does not require any answer, it serves the purpose of calling the reader’s attention to a particular point of writing or speech. e.g. What is this life, if full of care We have no time to stay & stare?
Syntactical stylistic devices dealing with completeness
Ellipses is a deliberate omission of at least one member of the sentence. E.g. I went to London as one goes to exile, she – to NYork.
Break in the narration is a SD which consists in breaking the narration for rhetorical effect. (threat, hesitation) E.g. Just come home, or I’ll …
Apokoinu is the omission of the pronominal (adverbial) connection which creates a blend of the main & subordinate clauses so that the predicate or the object of the 1st clause is simultaneously used as a subject of the 2nd clause.
E.g. Here is a gentleman wants to know you (‘who’ is omitted). He was the man killed that deer.
SD dealing with arrangement of the sentence.
Parallelism (parallel constructions) -Purely syntactical type of repetition a syntactical device based on the use of the similar synt. pattern in 2 or more sentence s or clauses. Parallel constructions (PC) may be partial or complete. Partial P arrangement is the repetition of the structure of some parts of successive sentences or clauses. Complete P arrangement represents identity of structures throughout the corresponding sentences. Chiasmus(or reserved P) is a synt. SD based on the repetition of a synt. pattern with a reserved word order.
e.g. He loved & was loved by everybody (active/passive voice)