Цывкунова Интернатионал Лаw Учебно-методическое пособие 2010

В 1993 г. южноафриканский лидер был удостоен Нобелевской пре-

мии мира (радиостанция «Эхо», 2009).

Famous people

Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (born 18 July 1918), served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999, the first South-African president to be elected in a fully representative democratic election. Before his presidency, Mandela was an anti-apartheid activist, and the leader of the African National Congress's armed wing. The South African courts convicted him on charges of sabotage, as well as other crimes committed while he led the movement against apartheid. In accordance with his conviction's sentence, Mandela served 27 years in prison, spending many of these years on Robben Island. Following his release from prison on 11 February 1990, Mandela supported reconciliation and negotiation, and helped lead the transition towards multi-racial democracy in South Africa.

Task 5. Listening Comprehension: “The woes of statelessness”. Give the Russian equivalents for the following words and word combinations. Provide the context in which they are used.

in limbo, to cope with the flotsam and jetsam, the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees, in the course of 2006, to be stranded, to flee, to naturalize, to vary, law-abiding (country), ramshackle place, to alleviate the problem, to exacerbate the situation, outside the purview of the state, to ease the problem, the alter the law, to fall far short of something, the quirks of history.

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Task 6. Answer the following questions:

1.How does the speaker describe stateless people?

2.Why do people become stateless?

3.What information is provided about the stateless Biharis of Bangladesh?

4.Explain the notion “degrees of statelessness”.

5.What is the story of Bedoons of Kuwait?

6.What is a happy story of Nepal?

7.Why does the speaker mention Egypt, Morocco and Algeria?

8.What legal instruments are mentioned to tackle the problem of statelessness?

International Relations: News

Ex-detainees allege Bagram abuse

(BBC News, June 2009)

Former detainees have alleged they were beaten, deprived of sleep and threatened with dogs at the Bagram military base. The BBC interviewed 27 former inmates of Bagram around the country over a period of two months. The Pentagon has denied the charges and insisted that all inmates in the facility are treated humanely. All the men were asked the same questions and they were all interviewed in isolation.

Ill-treatment

They were held at various times between 2002 and 2008. They were all accused of belonging to or helping al-Qaeda or the Taliban.

BAGRAM AIR BASE

•Base built by the Soviet military in the 1980s

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•Around 600 people are held

•Prisoners are classified as "unlawful enemy combatants'

None were charged with any offence or put on trial - some even received apologies when they were released. Just two of the detainees said they had been treated well. Many allegations of ill-treatment appear repeatedly in the interviews: physical abuse, the use of stress positions, excessive heat or cold, unbearably loud noise, being forced to remove clothes in front of female soldiers. In four cases detainees were threatened with death at gunpoint.

"They did things that you would not do against animals let alone to humans," said one inmate known as Dr Khandan. "They poured cold water on you in winter and hot water in summer. They used dogs against us. They put a pistol or a gun to your head and threatened you with death," he said. "They put some kind of medicine in the juice or water to make you sleepless and then they would interrogate you."

The findings were shown to the Pentagon. Lt Col Mark Wright, a spokesman for the US Secretary of Defense, insisted that conditions at Bagram "meet international standards for care and custody". Col Wright said the US defense department has a policy of treating detainees humanely. "There have been well-documented instances where that policy was not followed, and service members have been held accountable for their actions in those cases," he said.

'Legal black hole'

Bagram has held thousands of people over the last eight years and a new detention centre is currently under construction at the camp. Some of the inmates are forcibly taken there from abroad, especially Pakistanis and at least two Britons.

Since coming to office US President Barack Obama has banned the use of torture and ordered a review of policy on detainees, which is expected to report next month. But unlike its detainees at the US naval

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facility at Guantanamo Bay in Cuba, the prisoners at Bagram have no access to lawyers and they cannot challenge their detention.

The inmates at Bagram are being kept in "a legal black-hole, without access to lawyers or courts", according to Tina Foster, executive director of the International Justice Network, a legal support group representing four detainees. She is pursuing legal action that, if successful, would grant detainees at Bagram the same rights as those still being held at Guantanamo Bay.

But the Obama administration is trying to block the move. Last year, the US Supreme Court ruled that detainees at Guantanamo should be given legal rights. Speaking on the presidential campaign trail, Barack Obama applauded the ruling: "The court's decision is a rejection of the Bush administration's attempt to create a legal black hole at Guantanamo. This is an important step toward re-establishing our credibility as a nation committed to the rule of law, and rejecting a false choice between fighting terrorism and respecting habeas corpus."

•Provide some background information about the Bagram military base and the prison at Guantanamo Bay in Cuba. What problems are these “legal black holes facing?

•The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights declares that “all persons deprived of their liberty shall be treated with humanity and with respect for the inherent dignity of the human person”. What problems do prison inmates face? Can you suggest any measures necessary to improve the present prison system?

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Revision of the Vocabulary Items of Unit III

Task 1. Provide English equivalents for the following items:

основные права человека; право на свободу мысли, совести и религии;

право на вступление в брак и право основывать семью;

Всеобщая декларация прав человека (1948); Международный пакт о гражданских и политических правах

(1966);

Международный пакт об экономических, социальных и культурных правах (1966); Великая хартия вольностей (1215);

Управление Комиссара ООН по делам беженцев; Международная Амнистия;

люди, не имеющие гражданства (так называемые «бродяги»); оказаться на мели, без средств; находиться в подвешенном состоянии, в состоянии неопределенности; законопослушное государство;

обострять, осложнять, усиливать (кризис, недовольство); облегчать (2 варианта), успокаивать, уменьшать (напряжение); не достигать, терпеть неудачу; изменять, вносить изменения;

лицо, содержащееся под стражей (заключенный); тюремное заключение (лишение свободы); задерживать; задержание;

задержанный, находящийся под арестом; допрашивать; допрос.

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Task 2. Translate the following sentences into English:

(1)Право на жизнь есть неотъемлемое право каждого человека.

(2)Каждый человек имеет право на свободу и личную неприкосновенность.

(3)Никто не может быть подвергнут (to be subjected to) произвольному аресту или содержанию под стражей.

(4)Никто не должен подвергаться пыткам или жестокому обращению или наказанию.

(5)Каждый человек имеет право на гражданство.

(6)Каждый человек имеет право свободно передвигаться и выбирать себе местожительство в пределах каждого государства.

(7)Все люди равны перед законом и имеют право (to be entitled), без всякого различия, на равную защиту закона.

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Progress Test (Unit I, II, III)

1. Translate the following chunks either into Russian or into English:

… сфера применения Венской конвенции о праве международных договоров, to advocate the Magna Carta, иметь решающий голос в случае равного распределения голосов, разрыв консульских отношений, совпадающий голос постоянных членов Совета Безопасности, to abide by the rulings of the ICJ, договаривающиеся государства и отношения между ними, устав Лиги Наций, to condemn arbitrary arrest and detention, consent to be bound by a treaty, судебное разбирательство, а именно, OSCE, to alleviate the problem, inherent right to life, в соответствии с пунктами повестки дня, to foster cooperation, беспристрастность временного судьи, совместное заявление, NPT, правоохранительные органы.

2. Translate the following sentences into English:

•Международный пакт о гражданских и политических правах является обязательным для государств - участников этого соглашения.

•В прошлом году эта страна присоединилась к договору о нераспространении ядерного оружия.

•Данный двусторонний договор оказал существенное влияние на достижение общих целей грядущих поколений.

•Ситуация обостряется тем фактом, что данное физическое лицо, как утверждают свидетели, подвергалось пыткам.

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Unit IV. Section 1

State boundaries. State Coastal Zones.

Air and Outer space

Task 1. Work in groups: arrange the vocabulary items. Put the following words or word combinations under one of the headings below.

contracting states, NASA, contiguous zone, the 1944 Chicago Convention, high seas, satellite, internal waters, cannon-shot rule, weightlessness flight, subsoil, to be used for peaceful purposes, warships, space debris, right of innocent passage, baseline, ICAO, nautical mile, ISS, hot pursuit, EEZ, geostationary orbit, complete and exclusive sovereignty, free of national appropriation, ITLOS, shuttle, territorial waters, hijacking, civil aircraft, sea bed, celestial bodies, Inmarsat, breadth, not to be prejudicial to the security of the coastal state, continental shelf, common heritage of mankind, IMO, land-locked state, LOS 1982, res communis.

Air Space	Outer Space	Coastal Zones

Task 2. State Coastal Zones. a). Translate the following sentences into English:

1)Прибрежное государство имеет полный и исключительный суверенитет над своими внутренними водами и портами. Прибрежное государство осуществляет (to exercise) полный суверенитет над территориальным морем. Указанный суверенитет распространяется (to extend to) на воздушное пространство, равно как на его дно и недра. Суда всех стран пользуются правом мирного прохода через территориальное море. Проход яв-

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ляется мирным, если им не нарушается безопасность прибрежного государства. Прилежащая зона не может простираться за пределы 24 морских миль от исходных линий, от которых отмеряется ширина территориального моря.

2)В соответствии с Конвенцией ООН по морскому праву 1982 г., открытое море свободно для всех государств, как прибрежных, так и не имеющих выхода к морю. Свобода открытого моря включает, в частности (в числе прочего), свободу судоходства, свободу полетов, свободу рыболовства и свободу прокладывания (to lay) подводных кабелей и трубопроводов (a pipeline).

3)Право преследования по горячим следам прекращается, как только преследуемое судно входит в территориальное море своего государства или третьего государства.

b)Match the state coastal zones with the following numbers. Define the legal regime of each coastal zone.

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Task 3. a) Watch the video about World Piracy paying special attention to the following words and word combinations:

… hot spot, impunity, safe haven, daring attacks, ransom, concerted efforts, crew, the Gulf of Aden, strait, to roam freely, to thrive, to crack down (+on), to fall apart (a country), to deploy, to decline markedly, to quell (piracy).

b) The following numerals are mentioned in the video. What do they refer to?

240

1990s

30

2009

2006

130

15

960

c)Answer the following questions:

•Where do pirates’ attacks occur?

•Where did pirates use to operate?

•Where do the majority of attacks occur now?

•What are the notorious piracy havens?

•Whose ships patrol the Indian Ocean?

•What is required to solve the problem of world piracy?

Task 4. Air Space and Outer Space. Translate the following sentences into English:

1)Первым многосторонним договором, установившим общие принципы международного воздушного права, стала Парижская конвенция 1919 г. Она признала полный и исключительный суверенитет государства над своим воздушным пространством.

2)Конвенция о Международной гражданской авиации применяется только к гражданским воздушным судам. Чикагская конвенция не применяется к государственным воздушным судам. Воздушные суда, используемые на военной, таможенной и поли-

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