Цывкунова Интернатионал Лаw Учебно-методическое пособие 2010

цейской службах, рассматриваются как государственные воздушные суда.

3)Захват судна означает применение или угрозу применения силы в целях осуществления контроля (to exercise control) над воздушным судном.

4)Космическим пространством считается орбитальный минимум (в настоящее время - примерно 100-110 км). Космическое пространство, включая Луну и другие небесные тела, не подлежит национальному присвоению. Луна и другие небесные тела являются достоянием всего человечества. Космическое пространство используется всеми государствами – участниками договора исключительно в мирных целях.

Task 5. Focus on the Vocabulary. Fill in the gaps with the following vocabulary items. One item can be used twice. Don’t forget to add the appropriate prepositions if necessary. Translate the sentences into Russian.

sovereignty	prejudicial	hot pursuit applicable
	(space) debris	subject

•The cops and the dogs set out after them in _________________ .

•One of the specific topics of concern is the deliberate explosion of satellites as part of space weapons testing, which has been a major source of ________________ .

•The directors consider that such disclosures would be seriously

______________ the interests of the group.

•The moon and other celestial bodies are not ___________ national appropriation.

•Coastal states exercise ______________ their territorial sea up to 12 nautical miles in breadth, but foreign vessels are allowed innocent passage through the waters.

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•The offer is only _____________ bookings for double rooms.

•A resident of Brown Road expressed the fear that the new infirmary might be _______________ his property.

•Emergency teams are still clearing __________ from the plane crash.

Task 6. Choose one of the following topics and prepare a presentation:

1)Space tourism.

2)Virgin Galactic.

3)NASA.

4)Space debris.

5)ISS.

Task 7. Space Quiz: Check your knowledge.

1.	If you go to the gym ‘once in a blue moon’, how often do you go
	there?
	a) often		b) very rarely
	c) once a week		d) once a month
2.	Pluto is __________ planet from the Sun.
	a)	the most far	b) the farest
	c)	the furthest	d) the nearest
3.	If you are ‘over the moon’ about something, how do you feel?
	a) very happy		b) stressed
	c) very sad		d) bored
4.	The Sun is the center of our _________ system.
	a) sunny		b) sun
	c) solar		d) sunshine

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5. On stepping on the moon, Neil Armstrong said, “That’s one small step for man, one _______ leap for mankind”.

a) enormous	b) giant
c) huge	d) long

6. Do you believe in _______? You know, creatures from another

planet.
a) strangers	b) aliens
c) foreigners	d) outsiders

7. U.F.O. stands for “unidentified flying object”, but what’s another name for this type of spaceship?

a) flying saucer	b) flying plate
c) flying hat	d) flying cup

8. “Everyone is a moon and has a dark side which he never shows to anybody”, said _________

a) Mark Twain	b) Neil Armstrong
c) Ernest Hemingway	d) Oscar Wilde

9. The Agreement governing activities of states on the Moon and other celestial bodies (the Moon Agreement) _________ in 1979.

a) is adopted	b) has been adopted
c) was adopted	d) adopted

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Unit IV. Section 2

Statehood and Recognition

The Rights and Duties of States

Task 1. Complete the text using the words from the box:

"Yankee imperialism”; a permanent population; armed intervention; Franklin D. Roosevelt; customary international law; states; predecessor; Cordell Hull; a government; the Montevideo Convention; subject to; Brazil; Herbert Hoover.

A subject of international law is a body or entity that is capable of possessing and exercising rights and duties under international law.

_____________ are the most important and most powerful of the subjects of international law. Article 1 of ____________________ on the Rights and Duties of States 1933 says that the ‘state as a person of international law should possess the following qualifications:

(a)__________________;

(b)a defined territory;

(c)__________________;

and (d) a capacity to enter into relations with other states.’

The Convention was a treaty (which was later accepted as part of

________________ ) signed at the Seventh International Conference of American States. At the conference, United States President

_______________ and Secretary of State _________________declared the so-called Good Neighbor Policy, which opposed U.S.

____________________ in inter-American affairs.

This was a diplomatic attempt of the US President to reverse the perception of _________________ , brought about by policies instituted (largely) by his _______________ , President _______________. The convention was signed by 19 states. The acceptance of three of the

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signatories was ____________ minor reservations. Those states were

________ , Peru and the United States.

Task 2. The recognition of South Ossetia and Abkhazia will have repercussions both in Russia and around the world.

a)Read the article “How Russian decision will affect world’s unrecognized states” (Russia Today, August, 2008) and write down Russian equivalents for the words and expressions in bold type. Provide your comments on the issue in question.

b)What is the voting procedure in the Security Council?

With 192 member states, the global world order is firmly wedded to the United Nations. So before any aspiring state can be formally recognized, it has to meet the approval of the UN General Assembly. And there are a couple of key hurdles to overcome. It needs the consent of the Security Council, comprised of 15 countries and most importantly, the five permanent members of the Council. Today, there are a number of regions which are not recognized at all or only partially so.

Kosovo is the most recent example, having been recognized by more than 40 states, including the US, Canada and most of the European Union. When Kosovo unilaterally declared independence this year, the veto exercised by permanent members Russia and China showed how the obstacles for full international recognition can be insurmountable.

The Republic of Somaliland, located in north east Africa, has not been recognized by any state since it declared independence from Somalia in 1991. Despite its fragile status, Somaliland is in a territorial dispute with Somalia, claiming the entire area of the former British Somaliland protectorate. Meanwhile, the north eastern region of Maakhir has in turn declared a separate, unrecognized autonomous state within Somalia. Yet another separatist movement in the western Awdal province makes the international recognition for either of them virtually unachievable. If any of the breakaway regions is officially recognized, the whole of Somalia will collapse like a house of cards.

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Four more regions, all parts of former Soviet republics, unilaterally proclaimed independence in the early 1990s. They are Abkhazia, South Ossetia, Nagorno-Karabakh and Transdniester. They acknowledge each other's status but this is not shared by the rest of the world.

Transdniester is located in a strip between the Dniester River and Ukraine. After the dissolution of the USSR, Transdniester declared independence, leading to a four-month long conflict with Moldova. Although the ceasefire has held, the territory's political status remains unresolved, and Transdniester de facto independent since then.

The Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, also known as the Artsakh Republic, is de facto independent, located about 270 km west of the Azerbaijani capital Baku, close to the border with Armenia. The predominantly Armenian-populated region was long disputed between Armenia and Azerbaijan. However, while the Soviet Union had control over the area, the situation was relatively calm.

In the final years of the Soviet Union, the region re-emerged as a source of dispute between Armenia and Azerbaijan, culminating in conflict fought from 1988 to 1994.

On December 10, 1991, as the Soviet Union was collapsing, a referendum held in Nagorno-Karabakh and the neighboring Shahumian region resulted in a declaration of independence from Azerbaijan. Since the ceasefire in 1994, most of Nagorno-Karabakh, as well as a number of regions of Azerbaijan in close proximity, remain under joint Armenian and Nagorno-Karabakh military control.

There is another group of countries which have been accepted as sovereign states by UN member-countries, but not by the UN itself. They therefore cannot be considered fully independent states.

The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, situated in the former Spanish colony of Western Sahara, proclaimed independence almost 40 years ago from Morocco. Since then it has remained a partially recognized

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state. It claims sovereignty over the entire territory of Western Sahara, parts of which are controlled by Morocco and Mauritania.

Taiwan – formed after the Chinese Civil War – has essentially been independent for half a century. But China still regards it as a rebel region which must be reunited. It only has diplomatic relations with around two dozen countries and lost its UN seat in 1971.

The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus declared independence in 1983, nine years after a Greek Cypriot coup - which was attempting to annex the island to Greece - triggered an invasion by Turkey. Northern Cyprus has only been recognized by Turkey, on which it is fully dependent.

Israel, whose own status is itself disputed by some of its neighbours, has a breakaway region of its own: The Palestinian National Authority. It was formed in 1994, created to administer a limited form of selfgovernment in the Palestinian territories for a period of five years, during which final-status negotiations would take place. The interim period expired in 1999, leaving the parties without any kind of solution. The situation has been a political stalemate since.

Task 3. Focus on the Vocabulary. a) Match each word and expression on the left with the appropriate definition on the right.

1) to overcome a	a situation in which it seems impossible to settle an
hurdle	argument or disagreement
2) repercussions	to refuse to allow it to happen
3) stalemate	to deal successfully with the problem
4) to be wedded to	to take control of a country or area next to your own
5) to trigger	the effects of the action or event, especially bad effects
	that continue for some time
6) to annex	to believe strongly in a particular idea or way of doing
	things
7) to veto	to make something happen very quickly, especially a
	series of events

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b) Translate the following sentences from English into Russian in writing. In small groups, practice the translation of these sentences from Russian into English.

•repercussion

(1)It was a major economic crisis with serious social and political repercussions. (2) The collapse of these two leading houses will have repercussions for the whole industry. (3) The disaster has already had serious political repercussions.

•hurdles

(1)But administration faces two major hurdles in efforts to get the treaty ratified. (2) They are hoping to enlist the minister’s help in overcoming the financial hurdles.

•stalemate

(1)It looks like the long-running dispute could end in stalemate. (2) The proposal was aimed at ending the stalemate between the environmentalists and business groups. (3) Because of the budget stalemate, the $ 175 million only became available in May, Lockhart said.

•to be wedded to something

(1)The Republicans were wedded to conservative fiscal views that stressed the importance of balancing the budget and cutting taxes. (2) On the whole the working class is still wedded to the Labour Party.

•to trigger

(1)A vicious circle has triggered her problems. (2) Disagreeing on seven out of ten occasions triggers a defensive reaction or even further disagreement. (3) His action triggered a massive response from the government.

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•to annex

(1)A separate agreement between the eleven is annexed to the treaty.

(2)In 1783 she proceeded to annex the nominally independent Crimea and to construct a large Black Sea fleet.

Task 4. Listening Comprehension. Listen to the interview with Daniel Franklin who is speaking about democracy.

a)Explain in English the meaning of the following expressions and provide the context in which they are used in the interview.

… to reconcile, anarchy, entrenched, to be confined to, to have ups and downs, to be prone to, bastions of democracy, a steep decline in voting, a bid to secure democracy, to be better off, vigorous debates, to have advances and reversals, complacency, civil liberties, to assert one’s views, a genuine choice of candidates.

b) Answer the following questions:

1)What are the main points about democracy according to the speaker?

2)Is democracy determined to some extent by culture or by geography?

3)Where is democracy most deeply entrenched?

4)In what respect does the speaker provide an example of China and Thailand?

5)What elements of democracy are suffering in the USA and Great Britain?

Task 5. Read the following provisions taken from “The Declaration on Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation Among States in Accordance with the Charter of the United Nations.” Write down Russian equivalents for the words and expressions in bold type.

Every State has the duty to refrain in its international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political inde-

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pendence of any State, or in any other manner inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations. Such a threat or use of force constitutes a violation of international law and the Charter of the United Nations and shall never be employed as a means of settling international issues.

States have the duty to refrain from acts of reprisal involving the use of force.

Every State has the duty to refrain from organizing or encouraging the organization of irregular forces or armed bands, including mercenaries, for incursion into the territory of another State.

No State may use or encourage the use of economic, political or any other type of measures to coerce another State in order to obtain from it the subordination of the exercise of its sovereign rights and to secure from it advantages of any kind. Also, no State shall organize, assist, foment, finance, incite or tolerate subversive, terrorist or armed activities directed towards the violent overthrow of the regime of another State, or interfere in civil strife in another State.

All States shall pursue in good faith negotiations for the early conclusion of a universal treaty on general and complete disarmament under effective international control and strive to adopt appropriate measures to reduce international tensions and strengthen confidence among States.

Every State has the duty to promote through joint and separate action universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms in accordance with the Charter.

Every State has an inalienable right to choose its political, economic, social and cultural systems, without interference in any form by another State.

Every State has the duty to fulfill in good faith the obligations assumed by it in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations.

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