Цывкунова Интернатионал Лаw Учебно-методическое пособие 2010

угроза миру; подстрекать террористическую деятельность;

вмешиваться в гражданскую войну; принуждать государство делать что-либо; стремиться уменьшить напряжение; полное разоружение; неотъемлемое право;

выдавать (арестованного другому государству), проводить экстрадицию; предотвращать, пресекать; препятствовать;

устраивать резню, бойню; перебивать; излагать, формулировать, изъяснять; подвергать опасности; препятствовать, запрещать;

ущемлять (нарушать) неотъемлемое право; неминуемая угроза; удерживать (от чего-либо), отпугивать; обременительный, тягостный;

смягчать; смягчающие обстоятельства; форс-мажор (непреодолимые обстоятельства); императивные нормы; ответное действие; отместка;

виновное государство (государство – правонарушитель);

средство правовой защиты; реституция; денежная компенсация; сатисфакция; репарация;

нарушение международных обязательств.

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Unit V. Section 1

Diplomatic Relations. Diplomatic Corps

Task 1. Choose one of the statements and comment on it:

•Diplomacy: the ability to tell someone to go to Hell so that he’ll look forward to making the trip.

•Diplomacy without arms is like music without instruments.

•Diplomacy is the application of intelligence and tact to the conduct of official relations between the governments of independent states.

Task 2. a) Study the following definitions. Provide their Russian equivalents.

•gunboat diplomacy - the practice of threatening to use force against another country to make them agree to your demands

•shuttle diplomacy – international talks in which someone travels between countries and talks to members of the government, for example to make a peace agreement

b) Translate the sentences paying special attention to the words and expressions in bold type. Practice their back translation.

1)The car was unmarked, there were no military or diplomatic plates, no official driver, no bodyguard.

2)He joined the diplomatic service and was posted to Ankara.

3)Robson was trying to be as diplomatic as possible - he didn't want to risk losing a promotion.

4)The governments of Britain and Syria are anxious to re-establish diplomatic relations.

5)Stories, however, have circulated that the Bush administration may be more open than was President Clinton to resuming diplomatic relations.

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6)Bonn has not cut official diplomatic relations with Baghdad but it withdrew all diplomatic personnel long ago.

7)It was an outrageous action, the worst violation of the basic principle of diplomatic immunity in modern history.

Task 3. a) Translate the following chunks either into Russian or into English:

… дипломатическое право, глава государства, глава дипломатиче-

ского представительства, ambassador, the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, to comprise, in relation to privileges and immunities,

правительство, министр иностранных дел, премьер-министр, государственный секретарь (США), посольство, sending State, receiving State, to be in charge of the current administrative affairs, to designate a member of the administrative or technical staff, consular relations, ди-

пломатический корпус.

b) Render the following passage into English:

Венская конвенция о дипломатических сношениях была принята на международной конференции, проходившей в Вене со 2 марта по 18 апреля 1961 г. Конвенция подлежала ратификации. Ратификационные грамоты должны быть сданы на хранение Генеральному секретарю Организации Объединенных Наций. СССР подписал Конвенцию 18 апреля 1961 г.

В 1964 году Конвенция была ратифицирована и вступила в силу. На 1 января 2001 г. Конвенцию ратифицировали, или сдали документы о присоединении 185 государств.

Task 4. Read the following information paying special attention to the words and word combinations in bold type. Define the categories of the staff of the mission.

The Vienna Convention, in Article 1, divides the staff of the mission into the following categories:

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1)The diplomatic staff, namely, members of the mission having diplomatic rank as counselors, diplomatic secretaries, or attachés.

2)The administrative and technical staff, such as clerical assistants and archivists.

3)The service staff, who are the other employees of the mission itself, such as drivers and kitchen staff, referred to in the Convention as ‘in the domestic service of the mission’.

Article 14

1.Heads of mission are divided into three classes - namely:

a)That of ambassadors or nuncios accredited to Heads of State, and other heads of mission of equivalent rank;

b)That of envoys, ministers and internuncios accredited to Heads of State;

c)That of chargés d' affaires accredited to Ministers for Foreign Affairs.

2.Except as concerns precedence and etiquette, there shall be no differentiation between heads of mission by reason of their class.

Article 19

1.If the post of head of the mission is vacant, or if the head of the mission is unable to perform his functions a chargé d'affaires ad interim shall act provisionally as head of the mission. The name of the chargé d'affaires ad interim shall be notified, either by the head of the mission or in case he is unable to do so, by the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of the sending State to the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of the receiving State or such other ministry as may be agreed.

2.In cases where no member of the diplomatic staff of the mission is present in the receiving State, a member of the administrative and tech-

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nical staff may, with the consent of the receiving State, be designated by the sending State to be in charge of the current administrative affairs of the mission.

Task 5. Read the text about the diplomatic corps. Write down Russian equivalents for the expressions in bold type.

The term diplomatic corps denotes the entirety of all diplomatic representatives, ambassadors and ministers (in case of the Vatican, nuncios and internuncios), as well as charges d'affaires. However, in a broader sense, the diplomatic corps includes not only heads of missions but also the diplomatic personnel headed by them, i.e. counselors, ministerscounselor, first, second, third secretaries and attachés, and those persons who enjoy diplomatic status: trade representatives and their deputies, military, air force, and naval attachés and their assistants appointed to diplomatic posts, various kinds of experts on economic relations, scientific and technical cooperation (in the absence of a trade representative), culture and agriculture, etc. The diplomatic corps includes also family members of the above-mentioned officials.

The diplomatic corps has no status of a political organization or a body based on the norms of international law. However, it allows more effective solutions of certain protocol and ceremonial questions of concern to all diplomatic missions in the receiving state, makes it easier to brief them on all the aspects of the country's political course, and facilitates the contacts with the country's official circles and among the missions themselves.

The diplomatic corps is headed by the doyen. Usually, it is the head of a diplomatic mission with longer term of stay in the given country. It should be mentioned that only a high-ranking diplomatic officer may become a doyen. In some countries, primarily catholic ones, papal nuncio is always considered the doyen regardless of the date of his accreditation.

Though the doyen is in no position to give orders to other members of the diplomatic corps, this post has always been most respected. From

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time to time the doyen holds unofficial consultative meetings with heads of diplomatic missions on different matters of protocol or of a ceremonial nature, usually in the course of a luncheon or dinner organized for heads of missions for that purpose. Such receptions, including farewell parties held in the honor of a head of a diplomatic mission leaving the country, are financed from the contributions of the missions themselves.

The collection of contributions to the fund of the diplomatic corps is entrusted to the treasurer who is elected, on his consent, from among the heads of missions. Periodically, the treasurer reports to the diplomatic corps on how the resources are spent.

As the head of the mission who has been in office longer than the others the doyen may brief his colleagues just arriving to the host country on customs and protocol practice of that country, though his recommendations are not considered obligatory. The doyen often speaks on behalf of the diplomatic corps at festive events in the host country.

(From: E.N. Mouratov. Diplomatic Documents and Diplomatic Correspondence in English, 2005.)

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Task 6. Match the diplomatic representatives with their proper definitions paying special attention to the words in bold type.

1) ambassador	1) the lowest ranking official of the diplomatic service, this
	rank being abolished in many countries and replaced by
	the 'third secretary'; 2) a senior diplomatic official attached
	to a mission for specialized services, e.g.: military (naval,
	air or commercial)
2) nuncio	a diplomatic representative inferior in rank to an ambassa-
	dor or minister who is sent to another country and accred-
	ited to the minister for foreign affairs; head of the mission
	(3rd class).
3) internuncio	a papal permanent diplomatic representative in another
	country
4) chargé	a top-ranking diplomat accredited to a foreign government
d’affaires	or to the head of state as a resident representative
5) envoy	a senior officer of the diplomatic corps
6) attaché	a senior secretary to an embassy. At important embassies,
	such as those in Paris, Washington, he is given the rank of
	Minister. It is he who, in the absence of the head of a mis-
	sion, acts as ‘chargé d’affaires’.
7) counselor	a papal representative ranking below a nuncio
8) doyen	a diplomatic agent, esp. one who ranks immediately be-
	low an ambassador
9) chargé	the counselor or secretary of an embassy or legation who
d’affaires ad	automatically assumes charge of a diplomatic mission in
interim	the temporary absence of an ambassador or minister. This
	official becomes, for the time being, head of the mission,
	conducts negotiations with the foreign government, and
	reports to his own government.

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Unit V. Section 2

Diplomatic Documents

Letters of Credence. Letters of Recall

Task 1. a) Read the information about the Letters of Credence and Letters of Recall. b) Translate the following exhibits into English. Comment on their lexical and stylistic peculiarities.

The new head of mission should be provided by his government with official letters called "letters of credence", or, colloquially, "credentials". A letter of credence formally grants diplomatic accreditation to a named individual to be their ambassador in the country of the head of state receiving the letter. A letter of recall is the opposite, a letter sent from one head of state to another head of state recalling an ambassador, either as a means of diplomatic protest or because the diplomat is being reassigned elsewhere and is being replaced by another envoy.

These letters are placed in an envelope sealed with wax, and must, in principle, be opened by the head of state at the time of presentation. These letters of credence (as well as letters of recall) are traditionally somewhat ornate in style. Here are some examples:

1.Letters of Credence

Exhibit 1

William Jefferson Clinton

President of the United States of America

To His Excellency Boris Yeltsin,

President of the Russian Federation

Excellency,

I have appointed Thomas R. Pickering, a distinguished citizen of the United States, to represent me before your Government as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the United States of America.

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He is well aware of the mutual interests of our two countries and shares my sincere desire to preserve and enhance the long friendship between us.

My faith in his high character and ability gives me complete confidence that he will carry out his duties in a manner fully acceptable to you.

Accordingly, I entrust him to your confidence. I ask that you receive him favorably and give full credence to what he shall say on the part of the United States as well as to the assurances which he bears of my best wishes for the prosperity of the Russian Federation.

Very truly yours,

	(Signed) William Clinton
(Countersigned)	Warren Christopher,
	Secretary of State
Washington, May 12, 1993

Exhibit 2

(Государственный герб Российской Федерации)

ПРЕЗИДЕНТ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

ЕГО ПРЕВОСХОДИТЕЛЬСТВУ ГОСПОДИНУ ТАБО МВУЙЕЛВЕ МБЕКИ, ПРЕЗИДЕНТУ ЮЖНО-АФРИКАНСКОЙ РЕСПУБЛИКИ

Ваше Превосходительство, следуя политике укрепления сотрудничества между народами и

желая способствовать развитию дружественных отношений между Российской Федерацией и Южно-Африканской Республикой, я решил аккредитовать при Вас, Ваше Превосходительство, гражданина Андрея Анатольевича Кушакова в качестве своего Чрезвычайного и Полномочного Посла.

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Аккредитуя гражданина Андрея Анатольевича Кушакова настоящей грамотой, прошу Вас, Ваше Превосходительство, принять его с благосклонностью и верить всему тому, что он будет иметь честь излагать Вам от моего имени и от имени Правительства Российской Федерации.

В. Путин

Москва, Кремль

" " 2000 года

Скрепил И. Иванов Министр иностранных дел Российской Федерации

2. Letters of Recall

Exhibit 3

William Jefferson Clinton

President of the United States of America

To His Excellency Boris Yeltsin,

President of the Russian Federation

Excellency,

Mr. Robert S. Strauss, who served as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the United States of America to your Government, has resigned his mission. Because he is unable to present his letter of recall in person, I have asked his successor to present it to you.

I am confident that Mr. Strauss, in fulfilling the trust imposed upon him, dedicated himself to strengthening the good understanding and friendly relations existing between our two Governments. I sincerely hope that he succeeded in gaining your esteem and good will.

Very truly yours,

	(Signed) William Clinton
(Countersigned)	Warren Christopher,
Washington, May 12, 1993	Secretary of State

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