Цывкунова Интернатионал Лаw Учебно-методическое пособие 2010

and the demographic reality of an enormous and fast-growing Black majority.

Elsewhere, as in Serbia, they clearly failed. It was only after the Clinton administration moved to military action that the “ethnic cleansing” of Kosovo ceased. The basic problem is that economic sanctions, like other forms of collective punishment, are indiscriminate. They strike the innocent along with the guilty. And they often strike the most vulnerable — including children — especially hard. They also offend basic notions of justice, under which only those who cause offenses should be punished. Were domestic police forces to resort to collective punishments, respect for law and order would soon break down.

It is time to renounce collective punishment in international relations, just as we renounce it in domestic affairs. Where absolutely necessary, it is a lot more ethical to use targeted military force than to inflict serious harm on an entire civilian population.

b) Focus on Definitions. Find in the article the words that mean the following:

•tending to work against a desired aim; having an opposite effect from the one intended;

•causing doubt;

•to deliver to the police, to hand over;

•to expose, to show to be guilty of a crime or fault;

•a rule that all people should remain indoors at stated times;

•to give up (a job or position);

•to make (a person or thing) do something by force or orders that must be obeyed;

•an opponent, enemy;

•the system established by the government of keeping different races separate, esp. so as to give advantage to white people;

•to officially prevent someone from entering a place or from doing something; to forbid;

•not showing the ability to see a difference in value between two people, groups, things, etc.;

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•to give up (a claim); to say formally that one has no more connection with.

Task 9. Answer the following questions:

1)Do you espouse the view that collective punishment is counterproductive?

2)Has the author managed to persuade you that economic sanctions, like other forms of collective punishment, are indiscriminate?

3)How does Andrew Reding oppose the view that sanctions in South Africa worked?

4)Do you agree with the author that it is time to renounce collective punishment in international relations? Can you suggest ways to improve the UN’s capacity to anticipate and manage sanctions regimes?

International Relations: News

UN sanctions against Iran

(BBC News, 2009)

Iran has been subjected to three rounds of United Nations Security Council sanctions in relation to its nuclear program. In spite of this, it has continued its uranium enrichment operations and there is growing pressure for sanctions to be tightened further. The following are the UN resolutions relating to Iran's nuclear program.

Demand to End Enrichment – Resolution 1696

In March 2006, the issue was discussed at the UN Security Council, which called for a report by the IAEA to establish Iran's compliance with the terms of the nuclear non-proliferation treaty (NPT). The treaty allows for the use of nuclear technology for peaceful energy purposes,

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as long as countries can demonstrate that their programs are not being used for the development of nuclear weapons.

In July 2006, the Security Council said it was "seriously concerned" that the IAEA was unable to provide assurances about Iran's undeclared nuclear material. It demanded that Iran "suspend all enrichment-related and reprocessing activities, including research and development", giving it one month to do so. Failing that, it would face the possibility of economic and diplomatic sanctions. Iran asserted that its nuclear program was for civilian use permitted by the NPT. On this basis it said it rejected the validity of the Security Council's calls. It claimed that while subscribers to the NPT were being punished, those who had not signed up to the agreement were being rewarded by generous nuclear cooperation agreements.

First Round of Sanctions – Resolution 1737

The deadline for Iranian compliance with the Security Council's demands passed without being heeded. In December 2006, the Council unanimously adopted Resolution 1737 (2006). This called on states to block Iran's import and export of "sensitive nuclear material and equipment" and to freeze the financial assets of those involved in Iran's nuclear activities. The Council decided that all countries should prevent the supply or sale of equipment and technology that would aid Iran's nuclear program in any way.

Second and Third Round of Sanctions

With Iran's nuclear program ongoing, in March 2007 the Security Council voted to toughen sanctions (Resolution 1747). It banned all of Iran's arms exports. It also froze the assets and restricted the travel of people it deemed involved in the nuclear program.

Further restrictions imposed in March 2008 encouraged scrutiny of the dealings of Iranian banks. It also called upon countries to inspect cargo planes and ships entering or leaving Iran if there were "reasonable grounds" to believe they were goods prohibited by previous resolutions (Resolution 1803).

On 24 September 2009 the UN Security Council adopted Resolution 1887 calling for the creation of "conditions for a world without nuclear weapons..."

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•Provide some background information about the NPT.

•Sum up the information about Iran’s nuclear program. Did the sanctions imposed on Iran prove to be counterproductive?

International Relations: Speeches

Barack Obama

Speech at the 64th General Assembly Session

(September 23, 2009)

Today, I put forward four pillars that are fundamental to the future that we want for our children: non-proliferation and disarmament; the promotion of peace and security; the preservation of our planet; and a global economy that advances opportunity for all people.

First, we must stop the spread of nuclear weapons, and seek the goal of a world without them. This institution was founded at the dawn of the atomic age, in part because man’s capacity to kill had to be contained. For decades, we averted disaster, even under the shadow of a superpower stand-off. But today, the threat of proliferation is growing in scope and complexity. If we fail to act, we will invite nuclear arms races in every region, and the prospect of wars and acts of terror on a scale that we can hardly imagine.

A fragile consensus stands in the way of this frightening outcome - the basic bargain that shapes the Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty. It says that all nations have the right to peaceful nuclear energy; that nations with nuclear weapons have the responsibility to move toward disarmament; and those without them have the responsibility to forsake them. The next twelve months could be pivotal in determining whether this compact will be strengthened or will slowly dissolve.

America will keep our end of the bargain. We will pursue a new agreement with Russia to substantially reduce our strategic warheads and launchers. We will move forward with ratification of the Test Ban Treaty, and work with others to bring the Treaty into force so that nuclear testing is permanently prohibited. We will complete a Nuclear

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Posture Review that opens the door to deeper cuts, and reduces the role of nuclear weapons. And we will call upon countries to begin negotiations in January on a treaty to end the production of fissile material for weapons.

I will also host a Summit next April that reaffirms each nation’s responsibility to secure nuclear material on its territory, and to help those who can’t - because we must never allow a single nuclear device to fall into the hands of a violent extremist. And we will work to strengthen the institutions and initiatives that combat nuclear smuggling and theft.

All of this must support efforts to strengthen the NPT. Those nations that refuse to live up to their obligations must face consequences. This is not about singling out individual nations - it is about standing up for the rights of all nations that do live up to their responsibilities. Because a world in which IAEA inspections are avoided and the United Nation’s demands are ignored will leave all people less safe, and all nations less secure.

In their actions to date, the governments of North Korea and Iran threaten to take us down this dangerous slope. We respect their rights as members of the community of nations. I am committed to diplomacy that opens a path to greater prosperity and a more secure peace for both nations if they live up to their obligations.

But if the governments of Iran and North Korea choose to ignore international standards; if they put the pursuit of nuclear weapons ahead of regional stability and the security and opportunity of their own people; if they are oblivious to the dangers of escalating nuclear arms races in both East Asia and the Middle East - then they must be held accountable. The world must stand together to demonstrate that international law is not an empty promise, and that Treaties will be enforced. We must insist that the future not belong to fear.

•What are the fundamental pillars for our future that Barack Obama mentions in his speech?

•What actions must be taken to strengthen the NPT?

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Revision of the Vocabulary Items of Unit II,

Section 1, 2, 3

Task 1. Provide English equivalents for the following items:

созывать конференцию;

специальный, для данного случая (Latin), временный комитет; предшественник / преемник; способствовать сотрудничеству;

обсуждать вопросы, обсуждение (обдумывание) вопросов; подчиняться решениям; предоставлять (2 варианта) привилегии и иммунитеты;

отказываться (отказ) от привилегий и иммунитетов; неприкосновенность помещений; освобождаться от таможенных пошлин; нарушение закона; обходить закон (договор);

ОБСЕ, ВТО, МАГАТЭ, ШОС, НАТО;

поддерживать международный мир и безопасность; проявлять терпимость; жить вместе, в мире друг с другом, как добрые соседи; грядущие поколения;

в согласии с (3) принципами международного права;

сэтой целью принимать меры для устранения угрозы миру; улаживание или разрешение международных споров; нарушение мира; развивать дружеские отношения между государствами; укреплять всеобщий мир; согласовывать действия; достижение общих целей;

добросовестно выполнять обязательства; подвергать угрозе международный мир и безопасность; воздерживаться от оказания помощи кому-либо; вмешиваться во внутренние дела государства;

многополярный мир; превышать полномочия;

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подрывать чей-то авторитет; излишние права; правоохранительные органы; действовать в своих интересах;

действовать в противоречие Уставу ООН; страны, придерживающиеся одинаковых взглядов; постоянно действующий военный альянс; ослабление власти; в конечном счете, по большому счету;

нежелание подчиняться решениям;

структура ООН – главные органы, вспомогательные органы, специализированные учреждения; главные органы – Генеральная Ассамблея, Совет Безопасности, ЭКО-

СОС, Международный Суд, Совет по опеке, Секретариат; нынешний Генеральный секретарь ООН;

очередное (внеочередное) заседание Генеральной Ассамблеи ООН; совещательный орган; пленарные заседания; пункты повестки дня;

большинство в две трети голосов; простое большинство;

вспомогательные органы Генеральной Ассамблеи – Программа ООН по окружающей среде (ЮНЕП), Детский фонд (ЮНИСЕФ);

постоянные (непостоянные) члены Совета Безопасности; избираться на двухгодичный срок; совпадающий голос постоянных членов Совбеза; воздерживаться (в голосовании);

принудительные меры – налагать экономические санкции, запрет на ввоз оружия; силы по поддержанию мира (миротворческие силы);

принимать директиву о прекращении огня; посредничество, добрые услуги;

приводящий к обратным результатам, неэффективный; документ, вызывающий сомнение;

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придерживаться взгляда; ввести комендантский час / отменить комендантский час; противник, враг; государство-изгой; запрещать делать что-либо;

отказываться от коллективных санкций;

специализированные учреждения – ВМО, ВОЗ, ВОИС, ВПС, ЮНВТО, МОТ, МВФ, ЮНЕСКО, ИКАО, ИМО, ЮНИДО, ФАО.

Task 2. Translate the following sentences into English using the active vocabulary of Unit II, Section 1, 2, 3). Practice their back translation.

•ООН поддерживает международный мир и безопасность.

•Грядущие поколения должны жить вместе, в мире друг с другом, как добрые соседи.

•Устав ООН подлежал ратификации.

•Ратификационные грамоты сдавались на хранение правительству США.

•Грядущие поколения должны проявлять терпимость.

•Вчера состоялось очередное заседание Генеральной Ассамблеи ООН.

•Члены ООН должны подчиняться Уставу ООН.

•По большому счету, все страны должны согласовывать дейст-

вия.

•Специализированные учреждения развивают дружеские отношения между государствами.

•Генеральная Ассамблея уполномочена обсуждать любые вопросы, относящиеся к поддержанию международного мира и безопасности.

•МАГАТЭ укрепляет всеобщий мир.

•НАТО - это постоянно действующий военный альянс.

•Международный Суд разрешает споры, которые могут привести к нарушению мира.

•Он считает, что правоохранительные органы обладают излишними полномочиями.

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•Государство, которое действует в противоречие Уставу ООН, подрывает свой авторитет.

•Штаб-квартира ООН находится в Нью-Йорке.

•Совет по опеке приостановил свою работу в 1994.

•Нынешний Генеральный секретарь ООН принимает меры для устранения угрозы миру.

•Его предшественник превышал полномочия.

•ШОС способствует сотрудничеству между странами.

•Совет Безопасности уполномочен принимать директивы о прекращении огня.

•ЮНИСЕФ – это вспомогательный орган Генеральной Ассамблеи.

•Непостоянные члены Совета Безопасности избираются на двухгодичный срок.

•Страны, придерживающиеся одинаковых взглядов, действуют в своих интересах.

•ВМО, ВОЗ, ВОИС, ИКАО – специализированные учреждения ООН.

•Для принятия решения требуется совпадающий голос постоянных членов Совбеза.

•ЮНИДО, ФАО, МОТ - специализированные учреждения ООН.

•Данное государство-изгой подвергает угрозе международный мир и безопасность.

•Он придерживается взгляда, что экономические санкции приводят к обратным результатам.

•Давайте откажемся от коллективных санкций.

•Члены ООН воздерживаются от оказания помощи государству, которое не желает подчиняться решениям Совета Безопасности.

•Если государство А вмешивается во внутренние дела государства Б, государство А действует в противоречие Уставу ООН.

•Одним из пунктов повестки дня являлся вопрос ослабления власти в мире.

•Посредничество и добрые услуги являются мирными методами разрешения конфликта.

•В Ираке был введен комендантский час.

•В Израиле отменили комендантский час.

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Task 3. Speak about each of the topics:

•International organizations: definitions, differences, historical background, their current role on the international plane.

•The privileges and immunities of international organizations.

•The adoption of the UN Charter as a historical milestone of the development of international law.

•What are the purposes of the UN described in Article 1 of the UN Charter? Comment on them.

•What are the principles for the UN and its members (Article 2)? Comment on them.

•Name two types of organs within the United Nations. What are the key factors distinguishing the types?

•The General Assembly: composition, powers, voting procedure.

•The Security Council: composition, powers, voting procedure.

•Do you espouse the view that collective punishment is counterproductive? Should we renounce it in international relations? Provide your grounds.

•IAEA: background information, its mission and current role.

•The current role of the UN. Comment on the problem of the authority deficit in the world.

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