Цывкунова Интернатионал Лаw Учебно-методическое пособие 2010
.pdfTask 4. Read the extracts of the speech delivered by Barack Obama at the 64th General Assembly session. a) What does he think about the future of the United Nations? b) Give Russian equivalents for the words and word combinations in bold type.
The United Nations was born of the belief that the people of the world can live their lives, raise their families, and resolve their differences peacefully. And yet we know that in too many parts of the world, this ideal remains an abstraction. We can either accept that outcome as inevitable, and tolerate constant and crippling conflict. Or we can recognize that the yearning for peace is universal, and reassert our resolve to end conflicts around the world.
That effort must begin with an unshakeable determination that the murder of innocent men, women and children will never be tolerated. On this, there can be no dispute. The violent extremists who promote conflict by distorting faith have discredited and isolated themselves. They offer nothing but hatred and destruction. In confronting them, America will forge lasting partnerships to target terrorists, share intelligence, coordinate law enforcement, and protect our people. We will permit no safe-haven for al Qaeda to launch attacks from Afghanistan or any other nation. We will stand by our friends on the front lines, as we and many nations will do in pledging support for the Pakistani people tomorrow. And we will pursue positive engagement that builds bridges among faiths, and new partnerships for opportunity….
Sixty-five years ago, a weary Franklin Roosevelt spoke to the American people in his fourth and final inaugural address. After years of war, he sought to sum up the lessons that could be drawn from the terrible suffering and enormous sacrifice that had taken place. “We have learned,” he said, “to be citizens of the world, members of the human community.”
The United Nations was built by men and women like Roosevelt from every corner of the world - from Africa and Asia; form Europe to the Americas. These architects of international cooperation had an idealism that was anything but naïve - it was rooted in the hard-earned lessons of
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war, and the wisdom that nations could advance their interests by acting together instead of splitting apart.
Now it falls to us - for this institution will be what we make of it. The United Nations does extraordinary good around the world in feeding the hungry, caring for the sick, and mending places that have been broken. But it also struggles to enforce its will, and to live up to the ideals of its founding.
I believe that those imperfections are not a reason to walk away from this institution - they are a calling to redouble our efforts. The United Nations can either be a place where we bicker about outdated grievances, or forge common ground; a place where we focus on what drives us apart, or what brings us together; a place where we indulge tyranny, or a source of moral authority. In short, the United Nations can be an institution that is disconnected from what matters in the lives of our citizens, or it can be indispensable in advancing the interests of the people we serve.
We have reached a pivotal moment. The United States stands ready to begin a new chapter of international cooperation - one that recognizes the rights and responsibilities of all nations. With confidence in our cause, and with a commitment to our values, we call on all nations to join us in building the future that our people deserve. Thank you.
It’s interesting to know
Woodrow Wilson was once asked how long he took to prepare a ten-minute speech. He said, “Two weeks.”
“How long for an hour speech?”- “One week.”
“How long for a two hour speech?” - “I am ready now.”
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Task 5. Role-play. Let us convene a meeting! One of the agenda items is consideration of the draft report “Fundamental reforms within the UN”.
a)Appoint the President of the meeting and the speakers (representatives of different states).
b)Adopt the agenda.
c)Let each speaker take the floor.
d)Put a question to a vote. (Proceed to a vote)
e)Adopt the decision.
f)Close the meeting.
Famous quotations
•“This organization is created to prevent you from going to hell. It isn’t created to take you to heaven.” (Henry Cabot Lodge, the US ambassador to the UN from 1953 to 1969.)
•“If the United Nations is to survive, those who represent it must bolster it; those who advocate it must submit to it; and those who believe in it must fight for it.” (Norman Cousins, a prominent journalist and peace advocate, 1956.)
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Revision of the Vocabulary Items of Unit II,
Section 4, 5
Task 1. Provide English equivalents for the following items:
Международный Суд – главный судебный орган ООН, г. Гаага (Нидерланды); Статут Международного Суда;
постоянно действующий суд; функции Суда – разрешение споров между государствами и принятие консультативных заключений (мнений);
секретариат (Международного Суда), секретарь (Международного Суда); иметь решающий голос в случае равного распределения голосов; подчиняться (2) решениям (2) Международного Суда; беспристрастность судей; беспристрастный; открытые слушания; закрытые слушания; дело по спору; имеющий право; правонарушение;
судебное разбирательство; доказательство; временный (специальный) судья; мировой судья; ордер на арест; свидетели;
массовое убийство; резня, бойня; предъявлять иск в суд; обвинять (3) кого-либо в чем-либо;
дать начало чему-либо (спускать курок); выносить приговор; истец / ответчик; виновный / невиновный;
судебное решение, постановление; подстрекать;
подозреваемый в совершении военных преступлений;
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приговор; распад (страны);
выход (из союза, федерации), раскол; выходить (из союза, федерации); оправдывать (3 варианта);
проект доклада; пункт повестки дня;
уважаемый представитель; предоставлять слово кому-либо; принимать решение; закрыть заседание; возражать, возражения; воздержаться (в голосовании);
оправдывать (надежды); жить, действовать согласно (принципам).
Task 2. Translate the following sentences into English:
Хабеас Корпус Акт – это важнейшая гарантия гражданских прав и свобод в Англии.
Международный Суд является главным судебным органом Организации Объединенных Наций. Местопребыванием Суда является Дворец Мира в Гааге (Нидерланды). Статут Международного Суда является неотъемлемой частью Устава ООН.
Согласно статье 96 Устава ООН, Генеральная Ассамблея или Совет Безопасности могут запрашивать у Международного Суда консультативные заключения по любому юридическому вопросу.
Суд начал работу в 1946 году, заменив собой Постоянную палату международного правосудия, которая была учреждена в 1920 году под эгидой Лиги Наций.
31 января 1946 года судьи ППМС ушли в отставку. 5 февраля 1946 года Генеральная Ассамблея и Совет Безопасности ООН избрали первых членов Международного суда.
В апреле 1946 года ППМС была официально распущена, и Суд,
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собравшись на первое заседание, избрал своим Председателем судью Хосу Густава Герроро (Сальвадор), который был последним председателем ППМС. Первое заседание было проведено 18 апреля
1946.
Самый длительный срок исполнения полномочий судьи принадлежит Манфреду Ляхсу (Польша), который являлся судьей 26 лет; самый короткий (19 месяцев) - Ричарду Бакстеру (США).
Task 3. Speak about each of the topics:
•The International Court of Justice: composition, functions.
•Habeas Corpus Act.
•Kosovo: to recognize or not to recognize?
•The United Nations: to reform or not to reform?
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Unit III. Human Rights
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Famous quotations
•What men value in this world is not rights but privileges. (Henry Louis Mencken, 1880-1956, an American journalist, editor, essayist, linguist)
Task 1. Read the texts paying special attention to the expressions in bold type.
(1) Human rights refer to the "basic rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled." ‘First generation’ rights comprise those civil and political rights that are now at the core of most human rights treaty regimes. ‘Second generation’ human rights relate to matters of social and economic significance, such as the right to work, the right to social security etc. ‘Third generation’ human rights may include general concepts such as rights of development, the right to a protected environment, rights of peace and a wide right of self-determination.
Article 1 of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights provides that “All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood”.
(2) The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly (10 December 1948 at Palais de Chaillot, Paris). The Guinness Book of Records describes the UDHR as the "Most Translated Document" in the world. The Declaration arose directly from the experience of the Second
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World War and represents the first global expression of rights to which all human beings are inherently entitled. It consists of 30 articles which have been elaborated in subsequent international treaties, regional human rights instruments, national constitutions and laws.
The International Bill of Human Rights consists of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and its two Optional Protocols. In 1966 the General Assembly adopted the two detailed Covenants, which complete the International Bill of Human Rights; and in 1976, after the Covenants had been ratified by a sufficient number of individual nations, the Bill took on the force of international law.
(3) The international Covenant on Civil and Political Rights “include the rights to life, liberty, security of the person, privacy and property; the right to marry and found a family; the right to a fair trial; freedom from slavery, torture and right to a nationality; freedom of thought, conscience and relation; freedom of opinion and expression; freedom of assembly and association; and the right to free elections, universal suffrage and participation in public affairs.”
The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights “include the right to work and a just reward; the right to form and join trade unions; the right to rest and leisure; and to periodic holidays with pay; the right to a standard of living adequate to health and well-being; the right to social security; the right to education; and the right to participation in the cultural life of a community.”
(4) On 10 December 2007, Human Rights Day, the Secretary-General launched a year-long campaign in which all parts of the United Nations family were taking part in the lead up to the 60th birthday of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) on Human Rights Day 2008.
With more than 360 language versions to help them, UN organizations around the globe were using the year to focus on helping people
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everywhere to learn about their human rights. The UDHR was the first international recognition that all human beings have fundamental rights and freedoms and it continues to be a living and relevant document today. The theme of the campaign, “Dignity and justice for all of us,” reinforced the vision of the Declaration as a commitment to universal dignity and justice and not something that should be viewed as a luxury or a wish-list.
(5) The concept of human rights has existed under several names in European thought for many centuries, at least since the time of King John of England (Иоанн Безземельный, 1199-1216). After the king violated a number of ancient laws and customs by which England had been governed, his subjects forced him to sign the Magna Carta, which enumerated a number of what later came to be thought of as human rights. Among them were the right of the church to be free from the governmental interference, the rights of all free citizens to own and inherit property and be free from excessive taxes. Magna Carta established principles of due process and equality before the law and it also contained provisions forbidding bribery and official misconduct.
The political and religious traditions in other parts of the world also proclaimed what have come to be called human rights, calling on rulers to rule justly and compassionately. The women’s rights movement succeeded in gaining for many women the right to vote. National liberation movements in many countries succeeded in driving out colonial powers.
Many people who supported the human rights movement were politically inactive, not interested in acceding to a political movement, not ideologically motivated. They were simply outraged that any government dared abuse, imprison, torture, and often kill human beings whose only crime was in believing differently from their government and saying so in public. They took to writing letters to governments and publicizing the plights of these people in hopes of persuading or embarrassing abusive governments into better behavior.
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Task 2. Answer the following questions:
1)When did the concept of human rights appear in Europe? How did it evolve throughout the world?
2)What ancient laws and customs were enumerated in the Magna Carta that later came to be thought as human rights?
3)What new principles were invented by the modern human rights movement? Provide some background information about the UDHR.
Task 3. a) What is the role of international human rights organizations in contemporary world?
b)Choose one of the topics and make reports:
•The UN Human Rights Council.
•Amnesty International.
•The International Criminal Court.
Task 4. Render the following text into English:
Генассамблея ООН учредила "Международный день Нельсона Манделы", который отныне будет отмечаться ежегодно в день его рождения 18 июля. Такое решение единогласно приняла Генеральная Ассамблея Организации Объединенных Наций. Тем самым международное сообщество отметило выдающийся вклад южноафриканского лидера в дело мира и свободы.
Н. Мандела считается одним из самых известных активистов в борьбе за права человека в период существования апартеида. За это Н. Мандела 27 лет провел в кейптаунской тюрьме. После освобождения он стал первым чернокожим президентом ЮАР и правил страной с 1994 по 1999 гг.
Покинув политический Олимп в 1999 г., Н. Мандела до сих пор ведет борьбу за права обездоленных – в том числе больных детей.
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