Цывкунова Интернатионал Лаw Учебно-методическое пособие 2010

One of the great imponderables of history is what would have happened if Gorbachev had dropped the word “laboratories” and his objections to testing in space or if Reagan had accepted the limitation that Gorbachev sought? With the hindsight of history, it seems likely that the deployment of an effective ballistic missile defense system would not have been affected one way or the other. What we do not know is whether a treaty of the kind discussed at Reykjavik would have released Russia and United States from the nuclear deterrence relationship in which they are still entrapped.

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Nonetheless, Reagan and Gorbachev achieved a great deal at Reykjavik. They had stretched the envelope of thinking about reducing the nuclear danger. They had clearly distinguished between nuclear weapons and all other weapons and had stigmatized nuclear weapons as immoral, their use unacceptable in conflicts among nations. They reinforced the tradition of the non-use of nuclear weapons, and despite the famous word “laboratories,” the Reykjavik meeting led to the signing of the U.S.- Soviet treaty on banning intermediate-range nuclear forces and to a draft treaty on reducing strategic-range nuclear forces that was almost complete by the time Reagan left office. The Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START), signed in 1991, is still in force. The first treaty to cut strategic nuclear arms significantly, it also provides the basis for verification of the 2002 Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty (SORT) concluded by Presidents George W. Bush and Vladimir Putin, which endorsed further strategic weapons cuts. Reykjavik was a long stride toward one part of Reagan’s dream, the elimination of nuclear weapons.

As things stand, however, each country is still hedging in its nuclear weapons programs so as to be prepared for an adverse turn of events in the other. Nuclear weapons are still a major factor in international relations. Rather than pursuing Reagan’s genuine interest in eliminating all nuclear weapons, the Bush administration, for example, has conflated

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nuclear and conventional weapons in its definition of offensive forces in its new “strategic triad” and refused to consider further reductions in operationally deployed nuclear forces, below SORT levels, even in response to appeals from non-nuclear-weapon states.

These policies contrast sharply with Reagan’s thinking about nuclear weapons. Of course, the world has changed since Reagan left office, and new threats have emerged. Iranian and North Korean nuclear weapons programs were not the problems in the 1980s that they are in 2006. Nu- clear-armed terrorist groups were imaginable then but not the real possibility that they are today.

I would argue, however, that Reagan’s ideas about nuclear weapons are as salient today as they were then. There is no doubt that national decisions to acquire nuclear weapons are motivated by regional rivalries, a desire to have an equalizer against the conventional weapons superiority of a global adversary, and by prestige and a sense of entitlement. Iran and North Korea are motivated by these considerations. U.S. policies have to be targeted on local and regional specifics in each case.

Task 6. Do you agree with the following statements?

•The way to win an atomic war is to make certain it never starts. (Omar Nelson Bradley, American general, Speech on Armistice Day, 10 Nov. 1948)

•There is no evil in the atom; only in men’s souls. (Adlai Ewing Stevenson, American Democratic politician, diplomat, lawyer. Speech in Hartford, 18 Sept.1952)

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Revision of the Vocabulary Items of Unit I

Task 1. Provide English equivalents for the following items:

субъекты международного права; международные суды; обладать правоспособностью заключать договоры; заключать договор (3 варианта);

физическое или юридическое лицо (2 варианта); быть обязательным (для выполнения); нарушать нормы международного права; судебное разбирательство; законопослушный гражданин;

соблюдать (подчиняться) нормы (нормам) международного права (2 варианта); Министерство иностранных дел;

регулировать отношения между государствами; международные организации и отношения между ними; в тесной связи, сотрудничестве;

исторические вехи; Вестфальский мир;

Лига Наций, Устав Лиги Наций, Устав ООН; обмен эмиссарами; церковное право, внутригосударственное право;

оказывать существенное влияние на …; в числе прочего, в частности (лат.); государственные деятели; договоры должны выполняться;

урегулирование споров, разрешение споров; подписавшая сторона; осуждать работорговлю;

составлять неотъемлемую часть чего-либо; содействовать, способствовать развитию международного права; начало первой мировой войны; признавать (независимость страны), признание; принимать устав; сохранение мира;

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международный договор, (не)имеющий силу договор; Венская конвенция о праве международных договоров (1969);

вмеждународном плане; документ;

дополнительное международное соглашение (протокол); принципы свободного согласия и добросовестности; выполнять договор добросовестно; быть несовместимым с чем-либо; стать участником договора;

наименование международного соглашения; государства — участники договора; договаривающееся государство; двусторонний, многосторонний договор; законодательный орган, законодательная власть; исполнительная власть; судебная власть;

Федеральное собрание, Совет Федерации, Государственная дума; созвать Думу, распустить Думу; наложить вето на …; сфера применения конвенции; переговоры, обсуждение;

обмен документами, образующими договор; принятие текста конвенции; установление аутентичности текста; заключение соглашения;

ратификация, ратифицировать, ратификационные грамоты; подлежать ратификации; поправка, вносить поправки; оговорка, одностороннее заявление;

выразить согласие на обязательность; вступление договора в силу, вступить в силу;

присоединение (к договору), присоединяться к договору, документы о присоединении; должным образом уполномоченный;

всоответствии с положениями договора;

императивная норма; приостанавливать (действие договора), приостановление;

прекращать, прекращение (действия договора);

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выход из договора, выходить из договора; разрыв дипломатических (консульских) отношений;

разрывать (2 варианта) дипломатические отношения; государство-депозитарий; сдавать на хранение Генеральному секретарю ООН; полномочный представитель;

совместное заявление; уничтожить ядерное оружие; ядерное разоружение; система противоракетной обороны;

Договор о сокращении стратегических наступательных вооружений; стратегическая оборонная инициатива; противник;

найти общий язык (взаимопонимание); распространение ядерного оружия; разбираться во всех тонкостях внешней политики; государственный переворот; подготовить почву для чего-либо; ядерное сдерживание; оглядываясь на прошлое.

Task 2. Give either Russian or English equivalents for the following chunks:

Венская конвенция о праве международных договоров, nuclear deterrence, обязательный для государств — участников настоящего договора, подписавшая сторона, to suspend a treaty, to amend a bilateral treaty, в соответствии с принципом свободного согласия, СОИ, to disband the Parliament, присоединиться к многостороннему дого-

вору, inter alia, in good faith, законодательная власть, to accede to the convention, authentication of a treaty, исторические вехи, страна-

депозитарий, прекратить действие договора, proliferation of nuclear weapons, физическое лицо, judicial power, полномочный представитель, разрыв дипломатических отношений, исполнительная власть,

СНВ, coup d’etat.

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Task 3. Translate the following sentences into English:

• Венская конвенция о праве международных договоров вступила в силу 27 января 1980 года. Грамота о присоединении

СССР к Венской конвенции о праве международных договоров от 23 мая 1969 г. сдана на хранение Генеральному секретарю ООН 29 апреля 1986 г. со следующими оговорками… Конвенция вступила в силу для СССР 29 мая 1986 г.

•Каждый имеющий силу договор обязателен для участников

идолжен выполняться ими добросовестно. Каждое государство обладает правоспособностью заключать договоры.

•Согласие государства на обязательность для него договора может быть выражено подписанием договора, обменом документами, образующими договор, ратификацией договора, его принятием, утверждением, присоединением к нему или любым другим способом, о котором условились.

•Естественное и церковное право оказали существенное влияние на развитие современного международного права. Вестфальский мир способствовал развитию сотрудничества в Европе.

Task 4. Speak about each of the topics:

•International law (definition, subjects, application, role).

•Historical milestones of the development of international law.

•The international law of treaties: sources, the term ‘treaty’, functions of treaties.

•The stages of a treaty process: bilateral and multilateral treaties.

•Ways to express consent to be bound by a treaty: signature, accession, ratification.

•The 1986 Reykjavik Summit.

•Nuclear proliferation.

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Unit II. Section 1

International Organizations

Task 1. Read the following text and write down Russian equivalents for the words and expressions in bold type.

International organizations were first created in the nineteenth century as a means of conducting international relations and fostering cooperation between States. They evolved from the ad hoc multilateral conferences convened by States to deal with particular situations—such as the Congress of Vienna (1815) which settled issues arising from the end of the Napoleonic wars—into institutions in which member States not only met regularly but which also possessed organs that functioned on a permanent basis.

The early international organizations dealt with technical, non-political matters and included Commissions regulating European rivers such as the Rhine, the International Telegraphic Union (1865) and the Universal Postal Union (1874). The League of Nations, created after the First World War, was the forerunner of the United Nations and was the first international organization established to deal with general political and other relations between States and which aspired to universal membership.

International organizations now play a significant role in international affairs generally and in the development of international law specifically. They exist in practically all fields of endeavor ranging from general political cooperation to protection of the environment, defense, provision of humanitarian and development assistance, promotion of trade, etc.

Within their diverse fields of operation, international organizations perform a number of functions. These include:

-Providing a forum for identifying and deliberating upon matters of common interests.

-Acting as vehicles for taking action on international or transnational problems.

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-Providing a forum for developing rules on matters of common inter-

est.

-Providing mechanisms for promoting, monitoring and supervising State’s compliance with agreed rules and policies as well as for gathering information regarding the conditions in and practices of States.

-Providing a forum for the resolution of international disputes.

The key factor distinguishing international intergovernmental organizations (IGOs), such as the UN or the World Trade Organization, from international nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), such as Greenpeace or the World Organization of the Scout Movement, is that the former are composed predominantly of States (and other intergovernmental organizations) whilst the latter are composed of private entities though they operate in more than one country.

International public corporations or joint inter-State enterprises are entities jointly created by a number of States for the performance of commercial functions. Examples include the European Company for the Financing of Railway Rolling Stock (EUROFIMA) or Air Afrique (an airline established by 11 West African States).

Whilst international organizations are entities created under international law and have international legal personality, joint inter-State enterprises are formally established under the corporate law of one of the member States, even though the enterprise may have its roots in a treaty.

Despite sharing a common definition, there are many differences between international organizations. The most obvious differences concern membership and functions.

Membership may either be universal (open) or closed. Universal organizations are open to all States and examples include the UN and its specialized agencies. Closed organizations limit membership to those States fulfilling certain criteria. Examples based on geographic criteria include regional organizations such as the Organization of American States (OAS) and the African Union (AU). Other examples based on

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economic criteria include the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC).

Some international organizations, such as the UN, have general functions within broad areas whereas the functions of others are restricted to particular fields, such as telecommunications, labor, health or trade. Membership and function can be combined in various ways: some closed regional organizations exercise general functions (e.g., the OAS), whilst some universal organizations only have competence in limited field (e.g., the UN specialized agencies and the International Labor Organization (ILO).

Task 2. Answer the following questions:

1)When were the first international organizations created? What fields did they operate in?

2)What functions do international organizations perform nowadays?

3)What are the key factors distinguishing intergovernmental organizations from non-governmental organizations?

4)Can you name some international organizations with universal membership and restricted functions?

Task 3. Focus on Words. Translate the following sentences from English into Russian.

•to comply with – to do what you have to do or are asked to do

1)Companies can be prosecuted for non-compliance with the law.

2)A committee on compliance was set up comprising representatives of all 15 Security Council member countries.

3)The moves are in compliance with the Montreal Protocol.

4)Failure to comply with the regulations will result in prosecution.

•to deliberate on/ about /over - to think about something very carefully

1)They are supposed to return to closed session to deliberate over punishment.

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2)When the evidence is completed a report is drafted and the subcommittee deliberates on it until agreement is reached.

3)The truth is that electors are not a deliberative group like representatives or senators.

4)Our argument is that two legislative houses ensure more careful deliberation on issues and laws.

Task 4. Give the Russian equivalents for the following abbreviations. What fields do these organizations operate in? Define their membership (universal or closed) and functions (general or restricted). Choose one of the international organizations mentioned below and prepare a presentation.

•	OSCE	•	UNESCO	•	ICAO
•	SCO	•	IAEA	•	ICPO
•	NATO	•	AI	•	NAFTA
•	ASEAN	•	WTO	•	EU

Task 5. Read the text paying special attention to the vocabulary items in bold type. What privileges and immunities do international organizations enjoy?

International organizations require certain privileges and immunities for the effective performance of their tasks. These immunities are granted to preserve the independence of the organization from its member States and to secure the international character of the organization.

They ensure that no member State is able to unilaterally interfere through its legislative, executive or judicial branches with the workings of an international organization set up to act in the common interests of members. The five main privileges and immunities conferred on international organizations are considered in the following sections.

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