Scheer Solar Economy Renewable Energy for a Sustainable Global Future (Earthscan, 2005)

REFERENCES 333

26Anil Cabraal, Mac Cosgrove-Davies and Loretta Schaeffer: Best Practices for Photovoltaic Household Electrification Programs. World Bank Technical Paper no 324. Washington, DC: World Bank 1996

27EUREC Agency, WIP Munich, EUROSOLAR et al: PV for World’s Villages: Final Report. November 1996

28Peter Meyns: ‘From Coordination to Integration. Institutional Aspects of the Development of SADC’. In: Heribert Dieter (ed): The Regionalization of the World Economy and Consequences for Southern Africa.

Marburg: Metropolis Verlag 1997, pp163 et seq

29Brigitte Weidlich: ‘Ein Energienetz vom Äquator bis zum Kap’ (An Energy Grid from the Equator to the Cape). Solarzeitalter no 3 1998, pp29 et seq

30Bilardo and Mureddu 1989 (see Chapter 1, note 6), p215

31Payer 1982 (see note 22), p158. Quotation taken from Greg Lanning: Africa Undermined

Chapter 5

1Roland Barthes: Mythologies. London: Vintage 1993 (first published 1972)

2Wolfgang Palz: ‘Renewable Energies in Europe: statistics and their problems’. International Journal of Solar Energy vol 17 1995, pp73 et seq

3Stockholm Environment Institute 1995 (see Chapter 3, note 3), p24

4Gustav R. Grob: New Total Approach to Energy Statistics and Forecasting. Geneva: Script World Sustainable Energy Coalition 1999

5IEA 1998 (see Chapter 3, note 2)

6Shell: ‘Energy for Developments’. Selected Paper. London: Shell International Petroleum Company, Shell Centre 1994

7Irm Pontenagel: Das Potential erneuerbarer Energien in der Europäischen Union. Ansätze zur Mobilisierung erneuerbarer Energien bis zum Jahre 2020 (The Potential for Renewable Energy in the European Union: proposals for mobilizing renewable energy towards 2020). Heidelberg: SpringerVerlag 1995

8Scheer 2001 (see Scenario, note 25), pp89 et seq

9Scheer 2001 (see Scenario, note 25), pp76 et seq

10Scheer 2001 (see Scenario, note 25), pp48 et seq

11Greenpeace: Energy Subsidies in Europe. Amsterdam: Greenpeace International 1997

12Richard Douthwaite: ‘The Growth Illusion’. In: Steven Gorelick: Small is Beautiful, Big is Subsidised. Devonshire: International Society for Ecology and Culture 1998, pp23 et seq

13Scheer 2001 (see Scenario, note 25), pp230 et seq

14Gorelick 1998 (see note 12)

15Douthwaite 1998 (see note 12)

16Douthwaite 1998 (see note 12)

334 THE SOLAR ECONOMY

17A I C N Reddy, R H William and T B Johansson: Energy after Rio: prospects and challenges. New York: United Nations Development Programme 1997, p137

18Gorelick 1998 (see note 12)

19Stockholm Environment Institute 1995 (see Chapter 3, note 3), pp39 et seq

20Umweltbundessamt (Federal Environment Ministry): Ökologische Bilanz von Rapsöl als Ersatz von Dieselkraftstoff (Environmental Cost–Benefit Analysis of Rapeseed Oil as a Subsitute for Diesel Oil). Berlin: Umweltbundessamt 1993

21Scheer 2001 (see Scenario, note 25), pp121 et seq

22Witt 1993 (see Chapter 1, note 26)

23Ralf Bischof: ‘Wenn mit Energiedichten gegen erneuerbare Energie angedichtet wird’ (Using Energy Densities to Make Renewable Energy Sound Dense). Solarzeitalter no 3 1994, pp10 et seq

24Klaus Heinloth: Die Energiefrage (The Energy Question). Wiesbaden: Vieweg 1997, pp336 et seq

25Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft: ‘Energie memorandum 1995 der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft. Zukünftige klimaverträgliche Energienutzung und politischer Handlungsbedarf zur Markteinführung neuer emissionsmindernder Techniken’ (Future Climate-neutral Energy Use and the Need for Political Action to Bring New Emissions-reducing Technologies onto the Market).

Physikalische Blätter vol 51 1995, pp388 et seq

26Federico Di Trocchio: Newtons Koffer: Geniale Außenseiter, die die Wissenschaft blamierten (Newton’s Suitcase: brilliant outsiders who showed science up). Frankfurt am Main: Campus Sachbuch 1998, pp244 et seq

27Viktor Gorgé: Philosophie und Physik (Philosophy and Physics). Berlin: Duncker 1960, p128

28Thure von Uexküll: Der Mensch und die Natur. Grundzüge einer Naturphilosophie (Man and Nature: Foundations for a Natural Philosophy). Bern, Francke 1953, pp46 et seq

29Joachim Radkau: Aufstieg und Krise der deutschen Atomwirtschaft (The Rise of the German Nuclear Sector and its Crisis). Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt rororo 1983, pp462 et seq

30Franz Josef Radermacher: Information Society, Globalisation and Sustainable Development. Ulm: Forschungsinstitut für anwendungsorientierte Wissensverarbeitung (FAW) Ulm 1998

Part III

1James M Utterback: Mastering the Dynamics of Innovation. Boston, Mass: HBS Press 1994, p231

REFERENCES 335

Chapter 6

1Berman and O’Connor 1996 (see Chapter 1, note 18), pp12 et seq

2Wolfgang Wismeth (ed): Photovoltaik Handbuch III (GWU Solar GmbH Handbook of Photovoltaics III). Fürth: GWU Solar GmbH 1997

3‘Von der Armbanduhr bis zum Taschenrechner: Wo die Sonne die Batterie ersetzt’ (From the Wristwatch to the Pocket Calculator: where the sun replaces batteries). Photon no 1 1998, pp46–49

4Financial Times June 1999

5Berman and O’Connor 1996 (see Chapter 1, note 18), pp203 et seq

6German Environment Ministry: UBA-Texte (Environment Ministry Papers) no 45/97 1997

7Chihiro Watanabe: Industrial Dynamism and the Creation of a ‘Virtuous Circle’: the case of photovoltaic power generation development in Japan.

Unpublished paper, May 1999

8Statistics supplied by Gesellschaft für innovative Energieumwandlung und -speicherung (EUS): Gelsenkirchen 1999

9Michael Shnayerson: The Car that Could. New York: Random House 1996, pp262 et seq

10Rudolf Weber: Der sauberste Brennstoff (The Cleanest Fuel). Oberbözberg: Olynthus Verlag 1988

11Jürgen Kleinwächter: Das Sepak-System (The Sepak System). Lörrach 1990

12Martin Werdich and Kuno Kübler: Stirling-Maschinen. Grundlagen, Technik, Anwendungen (Stirling Engines: Principles, Technologies, Applications). Staufen: Ökobuch Verlag 1999 (7th edition)

13Volker Schindler: Kraftstoffe für morgen. Eine Analyse von Zusammenhängen und Handlungsoptionen. (Fuels for Tomorrow: an analysis of the background and the options). Berlin: Springer-Verlag 1997, pp59 et seq

14Peter Winkelkötter: Aufbereitungsanlage für Biomasse (Biomass Processing Plant); Waste Energy Action: Conversion Plant for Biomass. Singapore

15Rudolf Nußstein: ‘Einsatz von Alkohol als Wasserstoffspeicher für Brennstoffzellenantriebe in Kraftfahrzeugen’ (Alcohol as a Hydrogen Storage Medium for Fuel Cell Engines in Motor-Cars). Solarzeitalter no 1 1999, pp21 et seq

16Konrad Scheffer: ‘Der Landwirt als Energiewirt: Anbauund Nutzungskonzepte von Biomasse’ (The Farmer as Energy Producer: proposals for the production and application of biomass). Solarzeitalter no 1 1999, pp26 et seq

17Volkswagen AG/ZSW: Renewable Methanol from Hydrogen for Road Transformation

18Bodo Wolf: ‘Biobenzin. Ein Beitrag zur Weiterentwicklung der Energiewirtschaft’ (Bio-Petrol: a contribution towards the further development of the energy sector). Lecture given at the Eurosolar Conference ‘Der Landwirt als Energiewirt’ (Farmers as Energy

336 THE SOLAR ECONOMY

Producers) during the Grüne Woche Berlin exhibition, 23 January 1999

19European Commission: Biofuels. Application of Biologically Derived Products as Fuels or Additives in Combustion Engines. Document reference: EUR 15647 EN 1994

20Klaus Daniels: Low Tech. Light Tech. High Tech. Bauen in der Informationsgesellschaft (Low Tech, Light Tech, High Tech: construction in the information society). Basel: Princeton Architectural Press 1998, p9

21Thomas Herzog: Solar Energy in Architecture and Urban Planning. Munich: Prestel Publishing 1996

22Tributsch 1991 (see Chapter 4, note 6)

23Sir Norman Foster and Hermann Scheer: Solar Energy in Architecture and Urban Planning. Proceedings of the Third European Conference on Architecture.

Felmersham, UK: James & James 1993, p18

24Radermacher 1998 (see Chapter 5, note 30)

25John Naisbitt: Global Paradox. New York: William Morrow 1994, pp49–51

26Philippe Quéau: ‘Auf der Überholspur der Datenautobahn’ (In the Fast Lane of the Information Superhighway). Le Monde Diplomatique (reproduced in German in: die tageszeitung) 2 February 1999, p24

27Helmut Tributsch: ‘Programm für Solarenergieforschung und –technologien’ (Programme for Solar Energy Research and Solar Technologies). Solarzeitalter no 2 1999, pp6 et seq

Chapter 7

1Carsten Alsen and Ottmar Wassermann: Die gesellschaftliche Relevanz der Umwelttoxikologie (The Social Relevance of Environmental Toxicology). IIUL Report. Berlin: Wissenschaftszentrum 1986, p6

2Heinrich Reitz: ‘Bestimmungsgründe für den Einsatz nachwachsender Rohstoffe in der chemischen Industrie’ (The Case for Renewable Materials in the Chemicals Industry). In: Nachwachsende Rohstoffe : von der Forschung zum Markt (Renewable Materials: from research to marketplace). Series Gülzower Fachgespräche. Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe (www.fnr.de/veroff/fnr_gf06.pdf) 1998, p20

3Karl-Otto Henseling: Ein Planet wird vergiftet: Der Siegeszug der Chemie: Geschichte einer Fallentwicklung (A Planet is Poisoned. the triumph of chemistry: a case history). Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt 1992

4G Grassi: ‘Job Potential of Biomass’. In: Chartier et al (eds):

Proceedings of the 9th European Bioenergy Conference: Volume 1. Oxford: Elsevier Science 1996, pp419 et seq

5Hermann Fischer: Plädoyer für eine sanfte Chemie: Über den nachhaltigen Gebrauch der Stoffe (The Case for Soft Chemistry: on the sustainable use of materials). Karlsruhe: C F Müller Verlag 1993, p57

REFERENCES 337

6Fischer 1993 (see note 5)

7Fischer 1993 (see note 5)

8KATALYSE Institut für angewandte umweltforschung: Leitfaden Nachwachsende Rohstoffe (Handbook of Renewable Resources). Heidelberg: C F Müller Verlag 1998

9Dirk Schäfer: ‘Einsatz und Potential naturfaserverstärkte Kunststoffe in der Automobilindustrie’ (The Use and Potential of Natural Fibre Reinforced Plastics in the Car Industry). In: Nachwachsende Rohstoffe 1998 (see note 2), p48

10Fischer 1993 (see note 5)

11Theo Mang: ‘Zielgruppenanalyse für biologisch abbaubare Schmierstoffe’ (Target Group Analysis for Bio-Degradable Lubicants). In: Nachwachsende Rohstoffe 1998 (see note 2), p70

12Götz Harnischfeger: ‘Marktpotentiale von Arzneimitteln aus pflanzlichen Werkstoffen’ (Market Potential of Pharmaceuticals derived from Plant Materials). In: Nachwachsende Rohstoffe 1998 (see note 2)

13Henkel KgaA: Umwelt, Sicherheit, Gesundheit. Daten und Fakten für 1998.

(Environment, Safety, Health. Data and Facts for 1998). Düsseldorf: Henkel KgaA 1998

14Fischer 1993 (see note 5), pp66 eq seq

15Report of the German Parliamentary Commission of Inquiry ‘Gestaltung der technischen Entwicklung, Technikfolgen-Abschätzung und Bewertung’ (Shaping Technological Development, Evaluating and Assessing the Consequences of Technologies). Nachwachsende Rohstoffe 23/90 1990, pp47 et seq

16Chemielexikon (Dictionary of Chemistry) vol 1. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag 1989, p426

17Abdel Mottaleb: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Solar Energy Storage and Applied Photochemistry. Cairo January 1997

18United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP): Global Biodiversity Assessment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1995

19Wolfgang Franke: Nutzpflanzenkunde (Crop Science). Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag 1989

20Jack Herer. Die Wiederentdeckung der Nutzpflanze Hanf (The Rediscovery of Hemp). Munich: Heyne 1994

21Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe 1999 (see Chapter 3, note 6), p18

22Hall and Rosillo-Calle 1999 (see Chapter 2, note 3)

23H Lundquist: Whole Tree Harvesting: ecological consequences. Maritimes Region Information Report M-X-191. Canada 1994

24Daniel Querol: Genetic Resources: our forgotten treasure. London: Zed Books 1992, pp26 et seq

25Fischer 1993 (see note 5), p122

26José Lutzenberger: ‘Die Absurdität der modernen Landwirtschaft’ (The Absurdity of Modern Agriculture). Solarzeitalter no 3 1999, pp3 et seq

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27Vandana Shiva: Biotechnology and the Environment. Pol Pinong: Third World Network pp34 et seq

28José Lutzenberger 1999 (see note 26)

29Vandana Shiva: Biopiracy: the plunder of nature and knowledge. New Delhi: South End Press 1998, pp43 et seq

30Ricarda A Steinbrecher and Pat Roy Mooney: ‘Terminator Technology: the threat to world food security’. The Ecologist vol 28 no 5 1998, pp276 et seq

31Ulrich Dolata: Politische Ökonomie der Gentechnik (The Political Economics of Genetic Manipulation). Berlin: edition sigma 1996, pp183 et seq

32Aufbruchstimmung 1998. Report über die Biotechnologie-Industrie in Deutschland

(1998 Optimism. Report on the Biotech Industry in Germany). Stuttgart: Ernst & Young 1998, p14

Chapter 8

1Peter Hennicke: Least-Cost Planning als Element einer Einsparstrategie: Konzept und Erfahrungen in der Bundesrepublik. (Least-Cost Planning as an Austerity Measure: concept and experiences in the FRG). Wuppertal 1993

2German Parliamentary Commission of Enquiry 1990 (see Chapter 7, note 15), p50

3Rainer von Oheimb et al: Energie und Agrarwirtschaft (Energy and Agriculture). Münster 1987, pp40 et seq

4Jules N Pretty: Regenerating Agriculture: policies and practice for sustainability and self-reliance. London: Earthscan 1995

Part IV

1Dankwart Guratzsch: ‘Naturkatastrophen häufen sich dramatisch’ (Dramatic Increase in the Frequency of Natural Disasters). Die Welt 25 June 1999

2Scheer 1994 (see Scenario, note 25), pp210 et seq

Chapter 9

1Eurosolar: Solar Power Boats for Venice. study for the European Commission.

Bonn: Eurosolar 1995

2Hermann Scheer: ‘Das deutsche 100.000-Dächer-Photovoltaik- Programm’ (The 100, 000 Roofs Photovoltaics Programme in Germany). Solarzeitalter no 4 1998, pp1 et seq

3Irm Pontenagel: ‘Solarenergie bricht Schweizer Parteifronten auf’ (Solar Energy Crosses Party Lines in Switzerland). Solarzeitalter no 2 1997, pp1 et seq

REFERENCES 339

4Timothy J Brennan et al.: A Shock to the System: restructuring America’s electricity industry. Washington, DC: Resources for the Future 1996

5Eurosolar: EURERULE: Rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen für Erneuerbare Energien in der EU (EURERULE: The legal framework for renewable energy in the EU.) Bonn: Eurosolar 1999

6European Commission 1997 (see Scenario, note 27)

7Rothe Report to the European Parliament. Document reference: PE 225-891/1/32. 7 May 1998

8Hermann Scheer: ‘EU-Einspeiserichtlinie und Einspeisegesetze für Erneuerbare Energien versus Einführungsquoten’ (EU Laws and Directives on Electricity Supply to the National Grid versus Import Quotas). Zeitschrift für neues Energierecht no 2 1998, pp3 et seq

9Eurosolar (ed): Der Markt für Grünen Strom (The Market for ‘Green’ Electricity) Bochum: Eurosolar 1998. (See eg Evert Jan Krajenbrink: ‘Grüner Strom auf dem kalifornischen offenen Strommarkt’ (Green Electricity on the Open Market in California), pp45 et seq

10Infas Sozialforschung GmbH: ‘Meinungen zu alternativen Energien’ (Opinions on Alternative Energy Sources). Solarzeitalter no 1 1998, pp11 et seq

11Reginald Scholz: ‘Liberalisierung läßt die Preise fallen’ (Liberalisation allows prices to fall). Sonnenenergie & Wärmetechnik no 2 1999, pp14 et seq

12Ursula Sladek: ‘Ein Irrweg. Ökostrom per Durchleitung gefährdet Einspeisegesetz’ (On the Wrong Track: Green electricty via intermediaries jeopardizes grid feed-in act). Neue Energie no 4 1999, pp28 et seq

13Klaus Traube: ‘Umweltverbände zertifizieren Anbieter von Grünem Strom’ (Certification of Green Electricity Suppliers by Environmental Organizations). Solarzeitalter no 2 1999, pp4 et seq

14Heinz Ossenbrink: ‘Energieleistung der Zukunft: Eine Chance für die erneuerbaren Energien’ (Energy Generation in the Future: an opportunity for renewable energy). Solarzeitalter no 4 1998, pp6–10

15Joseph A Schumpeter: Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. New York: Harper & Brothers 1950 (3rd edition)

Chapter 10

1Eurosolar: ‘Entwicklung und Arbeitsplatzpotential Erneuerbarer Energien in der Europäischen Union’ (The Development of Renewable Energy and its Job-Creation Potential in the EU). Solarzeitalter no 3 1997, pp11 et seq

2Udo E Simonis: Globale Umweltpolitik. Ansätze und Perspektiven (Global Environment Policy: approaches and perspectives). Mannheim: Bibliographes Institut and F A Brockhaus 1996

3German Parliament: Antwort der Bundesregierung auf die Kleine Anfrage der Fraktion Bündnis 90/Die Grünen (Government reply to question tabled by the Green Party). Paper 13/2156. Berlin: Bundestag 1995

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4Dennis R Henderson: ‘Between the Farm Gate and the Dinner Plate: motivations for industrial change in the processed food sector’. In: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development: The Future of Food. Paris: OECD 1998, pp111 et seq

5Johann Heinrich von Thünen: Der isolierte Staat in Beziehung auf Landwirtschaft und Nationalökonomie (The Isolated State with Reference to Agriculture and the National Economy). Aalen: Scientia Verlag 1990 (first published 1826)

6Julius K Nyerere: ‘Sind universelle Sozialstandards möglich?’ (Are Universal Social Standards Possible?). epd-Entwicklungspolitik no 12 1998, pp37 et seq

7Heribert Prantl: ‘Wenn Bürger nicht mehr brav sein wollen’ (When Citizens Disobey). Süddeutsche Zeitung 21–22 March 1998

8Alfred Rest: ‘Need for an International Court for the Environment’.

Environmental Policy and Law 1994, pp173 et seq

9Frank Biermann: ‘Völkerrecht und Weltumweltpolitik’ (International Law and Global Environment Policy). In: Udo E Simonis (eds): Weltumweltpolitik (Global Environment Policy). Berlin: edition sigma 1996

10Scheer 2001 (see Scenario, note 25), pp176 et seq

11Ross Gelbspan: The Heat is On: the high-stakes battle over earth’s threatened climate. Reading, Mass/Harlow: Addison-Wesley 1997

Chapter 11

1Arran E Gare: Postmodernism and the Environmental Crisis. London: Routledge 1995, p34

2Wilhelm Ostwald: Die energetischen Grundlagen der Kulturwissenschaften

(The Energy Basis of the Humanities). Leipzig 1909, pp2 et seq

3Jeremy Rifkin: The End of Work: the decline of the global workforce and the dawn of the post-market era. London: Penguin 2000

4Mathias Greffrath: ‘Freizeit, die sie meinen’ (Freedom They Mean).

Süddeutsche Zeitung 24 June 1998

5Johano Strasser: Wenn der Arbeitsgesellschaft die Arbeit ausgeht (When the Working Society Runs Out of Work). Zürich: Pendo 1999

6Elmar Altvater: The Poverty of Nations: a guide to the debt crisis from Argentina to Zaire London: Zed Books 1991

Index

agriculture 127, 220–225, 228, 243–245, 316–320

agrochemical production 243–244 arable farming 244

architecture 124, 198–199 armed conflict 107–108 artificial light 142

Asian region 111–113 attitudes 62–63, 97, 166–170,

173–174, 206–207, 252 automobile industry 51

see also cars

autonomous power generation attitudes to 168–169, 173–174 cogeneration 196

energy statistics 142–143 technology potential 130–131,

174–181, 199–201, 204 aviation 258, 297–300

batteries 175–176, 185–187, 193 biodiversity 207–208, 218–219 biogas xv, 66, 70, 130, 157, 184,

195, 205, 209, 222, 245, 272, 275, 319

biological energy regulation strategies 198

biolubricants 215–217 biomass

fossil fuel contrast 65–66, 140–141

gasification 70, 195, 209 hybrid systems 184 production 221–223 storage 192, 194–195 supply chains 69–73 terminology 8

see also biogas

biotechnology 11–12, 225–230 bourgeoisie 15–17

BP Solar 145 brown coal see lignite

buildings 197–199, 238–240

capacity 182–184, 242 carbon dioxide levels 192

cars 188–189, 194, 196–197, 215, 259

cartels 44, 49–61 Central Asia 109 centralization

attitudes to 166, 167 developing countries 130–131 power generation 82–84 productivity 155–156 urbanization 17, 123

certification systems 268 chemical industry

gene-oriented biotechnology 227 Germany 218

renewable resources 208–209, 279

waste products 223

chemicals, gas–oil complex 51–52 China 111, 112

CHP see combined heat and power plants

cities 121–122, 291–292 civilization 16, 324

coal 40, 100–101

cogeneration 191, 196, 239–240, 272

colours 216

combined heat and power plants (CHP) 191

commodities markets 307 compatibility 172, 173 compensatory measures xiii–xiv competition

electricity prices 28, 267–268, 282–283

global xvi,12–14,

green suppliers 265–272 resource exhaustion 113–115

342 THE SOLAR ECONOMY

complementary technologies 179, 202

compressed air 188–189 concentration

business 84–85 industrial 88, 251 power generation 82–84

conferences x–xi, 309 conflicts

armed 107–108

energy industries 280–281 grid feed-in laws 260–265 resources 9, 93–94, 115, 323

conglomerates 18–19, 44–49 consensus x, xii–xiii, 19, 311 consumption

Asian region 111–113 electricity statistics 142 fossil fuels 94–97, 100, 103 global energy 6

predictions 105 stand-by power 180–181

contracting models, energy 233–234

conversion processes 192–195 corporations 18–19, 117 cost–benefit analysis 157–158,

231–232 costs

agricultural energy 243–245 avoiding 237–245 calculation inadequacies 149

comparisons 77, 78, 214–215, 233–237

disasters 322 environmental 93 flexibility 234

grid feed-in laws 261–262 labour 209–210

market demand 224 megacities 126–127 prices contrast 154

solar 238–240, 240–243 transition 231–233

see also prices

creative destruction 277 crisis 103, 324 cross-sectoral synergy 56–57,

49–56, 318–319 crude oil 38–39, 105

decentralization attitudes to 166–170 costs 241–242 energy storage 196

freight subsidies 300–301 municipal self-sufficiency

269–276 re-regionalization 84–87 renewable energy 200

defence expenditure 114–115 deforestation 207–208 demand 50–51, 103–105

denial 94–97, 104–105, 315–316 dependency

hypercentralized generation 84 international 16

metal ores 44

resource 2–5, 7, 9–12, 33, 133–136

developing countries 91–92, 120, 292–296

development agriculture 317–320

environment links 21–25, 33 fossil fuels 135–136 pressures 55

resource bases 2–5 subsidies 150

direct generation 74–75 disasters, environmental 247–248,

322

disorientation 315–316 displacement 18

distribution grids 46–47, 56–57, 59, 77–78, 173

division of labour 324–325 domestic

commodities markets 307 electricity losses 177–178 level generation costs 242–243 production 292–293

eco-taxation 256–257 efficiency 156–159, 233 electricity

concentration 46–49 consumption 96, 142 cross-sectoral expansion 56–57 energy–industrial combine 53–56 generation costs 240–241 independent markets 265–269