- •Міністерство освіти і науки україни
- •Передмова
- •II. Lexical exercises
- •§1. Active vs passive voice (Активний і пасивний стани)
- •§2. The Simple2 Passive Tenses (Прості часи пасивного стану)
- •3. Вживання
- •IV. Grammar exercises
- •V. Working on the text
- •The Year 1938: Need of a National Transportation Policy
- •VI. Speaking practice
- •The us transportation problems in 1938 Plan
- •Lesson II us highway transportation in 1947
- •I. Active vocabulary
- •II. Lexical exercises
- •§ 1. The Perfect Passive Tenses (Завершені часи пасивного стану)
- •§ 2. The Present Perfect Passive Tense (Теперішній завершений час пасивного стану)
- •1. Формула будування присудка
- •2. Вживання
- •IV. Grammar exercises
- •Ex 2. Answer the question according to the model.
- •V. Working on the text
- •Us Highway Trasportation in 1947
- •VI. Speaking practice
- •Lesson III us highway transportation in 1950
- •I. Active vocabulary
- •II. Lexical exercises
- •§1. The Past Perfect Passive Tense (Минулий завершений час пасивного стану)
- •1. Формула будування присудка
- •2. Вживання
- •IV. Grammar exercises
- •V. Working on the text
- •Us Highway Transportation in 1950
- •VI. Speaking practice
- •Lesson IV us highway transportation in 1960
- •I. Active vocabulary
- •II. Lexical exercises
- •§1. The Future Perfect Passive Tense (Майбутній завершений час пасивного стану)
- •1. Формула будування присудка
- •2. Вживання
- •IV. Grammar exercises
- •V. Working on the text
- •Us Highway Transportation in 1960
- •Innovations in Equipment and Operation
- •VI. Speaking practice
- •Lesson V us highway transportation in 1972
- •I. Active vocabulary
- •II. Lexical exercises
- •§ 1. The Progressive19 Passive Tenses (Тривалі часи пасивного стану)
- •§ 2. The Present Progressive Passive Tense (Теперішній тривалий час пасивного стану)
- •1. Формула будування присудка
- •2. Вживання
- •IV. Grammar exercises
- •V. Working on the text
- •VI. Speaking practice
- •Lesson VI us highway transportation in 1980
- •I. Active vocabulary
- •II. Lexical exercises
- •§ 1. Минулий тривалий час пасивного стану (the past progressive passive tense)
- •1. Формула будування присудка
- •2. Вживання
- •All the time – весь час all day / week / month / year long – весь день / тиждень/ місяць / рік
- •IV. Grammar exercises
- •V. Working on the text
- •Us highway transportation in 1980
- •VI. Speaking practice
- •Lesson VII us highway transportation in 1990
- •I. Active vocabulary
- •II. Lexical exercises
- •§ 1. Конструкція “have something done”
- •1. Загальна формула будування присудка
- •2. Вживання
- •IV. Grammar exercises
- •V. Working on the text
- •Us highway transportation in 1990
- •VI. Speaking practice
- •II. Lexical exercises
- •III. Working on the text
- •Us highway transportation at the end of the 20th century
- •IV. Speaking practice
- •V. Revision and Consolidation
- •Харківський національний автомобільно-дорожній університет
- •Харків 2009
- •Навчальний посібник the development of the us transportation system in the 20th century
V. Working on the text
Task 1. Read and translate the text using the active vocabulary and the vocabulary of the previous lesson. Find in the text present perfect passives.
Us Highway Trasportation in 1947
Within this year, highway transportation has felt the inevitable reaction of a war economy. The road-building program, which prior to 1941 averaged approximately 30,000 miles per year, is now at a low level of less than 50 per cent of its pre-war rate. In general, construction and repair operations have been retarded rather than accelerated. The Public Roads Administration9, the State Highway Commissions10 and the local governments, all have begun activities to correct the situation. A Federal Aid Program of over three billion dollars has been approved, and work has been initiated on approximately 40,000 miles of interstate highways. Interstate roads have been modernized and improved for traffic, and secondary state roads have begun to receive attention. The latter are important as farm-to-market highways.
Approximately 25 per cent of all trucks registered are farm vehicles, and more than 80,000 or about 50 per cent of all buses registered have been used for transportation by schools. Passenger car registration has totaled over 25 million, which, when compared to the pre-war total of 30 million in 1941, shows the effects of the war on this phase of transportation. In addition to the school buses in operation, a recent report by the Interstate Commerce Commission11states that commercial vehicles registered are approximately 4-5 million trucks and 81,000 buses. The total registration of all civilian motor vehicles is about 30.5 million.
The importance of the motor truck operation to present day economy may be inferred from the effect of its strike on New York business. Heaviest losses have been sustained by manufacturing, wholesaling and retailing industries. The export and import business hold second position. Over 85 per cent of firms have reported adverse results and over 75 per cent have reported deliveries halted. Losses of a few firms have been estimated at over six million dollars per month, and about 50 per cent of the employees of the reporting firms have been laid off.
Motorized equipment is at a low level as to condition and number of units. The production record for January 1946 was about 54,000 trucks and truck tractors as compared to about 105,000 for August. Passenger car production for the same period ranged from about 58,000 to 241,000 per month.
Task 2. Work in pairs. Ask and answer questions using the active vocabulary and the information in the text above.
1. Why were construction and repair operations in the USA retarded within 1946?
2. What was done to correct the situation?
3. How did interstate roads change within 1946?
4. How many buses were used for transportation by schools in the USA in 1946?
5. How many passenger cars were registered in the USA in 1941 and 1946?
6. How many commercial vehicles were registered in the USA in 1946?
7. What was the total registration of all civilian motor vehicles in the USA in 1946?
8. Why did manufacturing, wholesaling and retailing industries sustain losses in the USA in 1946?
Task 3. Fill in the gaps with appropriate prepositions and translate the sentences into your mother tongue. Consult the text above.
1. 25 per cent ___ all trucks registered are farm vehicles.
2. A Federal Aid Program ___ three billion dollars has been approved.
3. Heavy losses have been sustained ___ manufacturing, wholesaling and retailing industries.
4. Losses have been estimated ___ over six million dollars ___ month.
5. Passenger car production ___ the same period ranged ___ 58,000 ___ 241,000 units.
6. The road-building program is now ____ a low level.
7. This shows the effects ___ the war ___ the transportation.