- •Міністерство освіти і науки україни
- •Передмова
- •II. Lexical exercises
- •§1. Active vs passive voice (Активний і пасивний стани)
- •§2. The Simple2 Passive Tenses (Прості часи пасивного стану)
- •3. Вживання
- •IV. Grammar exercises
- •V. Working on the text
- •The Year 1938: Need of a National Transportation Policy
- •VI. Speaking practice
- •The us transportation problems in 1938 Plan
- •Lesson II us highway transportation in 1947
- •I. Active vocabulary
- •II. Lexical exercises
- •§ 1. The Perfect Passive Tenses (Завершені часи пасивного стану)
- •§ 2. The Present Perfect Passive Tense (Теперішній завершений час пасивного стану)
- •1. Формула будування присудка
- •2. Вживання
- •IV. Grammar exercises
- •Ex 2. Answer the question according to the model.
- •V. Working on the text
- •Us Highway Trasportation in 1947
- •VI. Speaking practice
- •Lesson III us highway transportation in 1950
- •I. Active vocabulary
- •II. Lexical exercises
- •§1. The Past Perfect Passive Tense (Минулий завершений час пасивного стану)
- •1. Формула будування присудка
- •2. Вживання
- •IV. Grammar exercises
- •V. Working on the text
- •Us Highway Transportation in 1950
- •VI. Speaking practice
- •Lesson IV us highway transportation in 1960
- •I. Active vocabulary
- •II. Lexical exercises
- •§1. The Future Perfect Passive Tense (Майбутній завершений час пасивного стану)
- •1. Формула будування присудка
- •2. Вживання
- •IV. Grammar exercises
- •V. Working on the text
- •Us Highway Transportation in 1960
- •Innovations in Equipment and Operation
- •VI. Speaking practice
- •Lesson V us highway transportation in 1972
- •I. Active vocabulary
- •II. Lexical exercises
- •§ 1. The Progressive19 Passive Tenses (Тривалі часи пасивного стану)
- •§ 2. The Present Progressive Passive Tense (Теперішній тривалий час пасивного стану)
- •1. Формула будування присудка
- •2. Вживання
- •IV. Grammar exercises
- •V. Working on the text
- •VI. Speaking practice
- •Lesson VI us highway transportation in 1980
- •I. Active vocabulary
- •II. Lexical exercises
- •§ 1. Минулий тривалий час пасивного стану (the past progressive passive tense)
- •1. Формула будування присудка
- •2. Вживання
- •All the time – весь час all day / week / month / year long – весь день / тиждень/ місяць / рік
- •IV. Grammar exercises
- •V. Working on the text
- •Us highway transportation in 1980
- •VI. Speaking practice
- •Lesson VII us highway transportation in 1990
- •I. Active vocabulary
- •II. Lexical exercises
- •§ 1. Конструкція “have something done”
- •1. Загальна формула будування присудка
- •2. Вживання
- •IV. Grammar exercises
- •V. Working on the text
- •Us highway transportation in 1990
- •VI. Speaking practice
- •II. Lexical exercises
- •III. Working on the text
- •Us highway transportation at the end of the 20th century
- •IV. Speaking practice
- •V. Revision and Consolidation
- •Харківський національний автомобільно-дорожній університет
- •Харків 2009
- •Навчальний посібник the development of the us transportation system in the 20th century
II. Lexical exercises
Ex 1. Translate these word combinations into your mother tongue using the active vocabulary and the vocabulary from the previous lessons.
1. a commercial driver’s license
2. to charge for freight by weight and distance
3. commercial semitrailer
4. domestic freight
5. to keep a logbook
6. less-than-truckload sector
7. long-term funding operation
8. over-the-road truck
9. private delivery company
10. private owner-operator
11. safety inspection
12. salary-increase plan
13. size difference between vehicles
14. sport utility vehicle
15. to ensure safety on the road
16. to file for bankruptcy
17. to form an alliance
18. to generate over $350 billion in gross revenues
19. to inspect at a weigh station
20. to meet standards
21. to minimize driver fatigue
22. to offer new pay rates
23. to pay road fees
24. to ship finished goods
25. to suffer minor injuries
26. tractor-trailer
27. truck-driver shortage
28. truckload carrier
29. truckload services
Ex 2. Match the words on the left with their synonyms on the right. Translate them into your mother tongue.
-
1. alliance
A. deficit
2. amount
B. method
3. generate
C. practice
4. jobless
D. transport
5. means
E. unemployed
6. predominant
F. quantity
7. shortage
G. union
8. training
H. prevalent
9. ship
I. produce
Ex 3. Translate into English using the active vocabulary.
1. вести бортовий журнал
2. відстороняти від роботи
3. забезпечити безпеку на дорогах
4. задовольняти стандартам
5. заявити про банкрутство
6. контейнерне вантажне судно
7. операції по перевезенню вантажів на вантажівках
8. операція консолідування боргу
9. оплата за перевезення вантажів у залежності від ваги та відстані
10. перевірка безпеки
11. перевозити готові вироби
12. план з підвищення заробітної плати
13. поза шляховик
14. пункт завантаження
15. ставка заробітної плати
16. тягач із причепом
III. Working on the text
Task 1. Read and translate the text using the active vocabulary and the vocabulary of the previous lessons. Find in the text passive structures.
Us highway transportation at the end of the 20th century
By the end of the 20th century, various transportation funding bills were introduced in Congress to replace the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA )27, which was scheduled to expire on October 1. In the end, however, Congress simply extended the original ISTEA legislation for six months, postponing any long-term transportation funding operation to 1998.
J. B. Hunt Inc.28, the second largest truckload carrier in the United States, tackled the truck-driver shortage and retention problem by offering new pay rates of 37 to 41 cents per mile, an increase of 8 to 12 cents per mile. For many drivers that amounted to a pay raise of approximately 30 percent. The largest truckload carrier, Schneider National, later offered a somewhat different salary-increase plan to its drivers. J. B. Hunt and Covenant Transport formed an alliance to jointly market transcontinental truckload services.
In the less-than-truckload (LTL) sector there were a few major downsizings or shutdowns. Merchants Fast Motor Lines29, the second largest carrier in Texas, closed its doors in February, leaving 1,400 employees jobless. Caliber System's LTL subsidiary, Viking Freight, closed 30 terminals, laying off 1,500 workers. Hyman Freightways of Minnesota filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy.
Trucking has become the predominant means of delivering all types of goods, accounting for four-fifths of all domestic freight value in the United States. Trucks in the mid-1990s hauled 1.4 trillion ton-kilometers of freight annually (a ton-kilometer is the movement of one metric ton over the distance of one kilometer). All types of manufacturing are also dependent on trucking for deliveries of parts and for shipping finished goods.
A trucking trade association estimates that about 9.5 million people in the United States are employed in trucking industry jobs, a figure that includes about 3 million professional truck drivers. In 1998 there were about 442,000 trucking companies in the United States. They generated over $350 billion in gross revenues.
At the end of the 20th century there were about 77.3 million trucks of all types on U.S. highways, out of a total of 207.8 million vehicles. The majority of trucks on the road were light trucks such as pickups and sport utility vehicles (SUVs); only about 1.5 million were tractor-trailers.
Trucks that operate between states must be licensed in each state through which they travel, and their owners must pay road fees in each state. Trucks may be licensed to over-the-road commercial carriers, private delivery companies that operate their own trucks, or private owner-operators. Trailers must be licensed separately from tractors and may be owned separately by a different company or fleet. There are about 4.5 million commercial semitrailers in the United States.
Drivers of over-the-road trucks must have a commercial driver’s license, which is obtained by special training and the passing of written and driving examinations. Drivers must also keep written logbooks of their hours and miles traveled, as these are regulated for safety purposes to minimize driver fatigue. Drivers who work for trucking companies are generally paid by the mile, while owner-operators and commercial carriers charge for freight by weight and distance. A typical commercial over-the-road truck is driven over 161,000 km (100,000 mi) a year.
Trucking operations are regulated by state and local agencies to ensure safety on the road. Trucks traveling on interstate highways and primary roads must be inspected at weigh stations to make sure they are not overloaded. Drivers are fined if the weight exceeds the limit allowed for each axle. Trucks are also subjected to safety inspections and may be put out of service if the brakes, tires, or other safety equipment do not meet standards.
Because big trucks are so large and heavy, they cannot stop or maneuver as quickly as cars and light trucks can. Of the almost 42,000 traffic fatalities that occurred in the United States in 1997, about 11 percent involved heavy trucks. In most car-truck accidents, the truck driver often is uninjured or suffers only minor injuries because of the size difference between the vehicles.
Task 2. Work in pairs. Ask and answer questions using the active vocabulary and the information in the text above.
1. What were the US Congress actions concerning transportation funding operations?
2. What problems did US motor carriers have to tackle at the end of the 20th century?
3. What success did the US trucking industry achieve at the end of the 20th century?
4. How many trucking companies were there in the USA at the end of the 20th century? What revenues did they generate?
5. How many trucks were there in the USA at the end of the 20th century?
6. What were license requirements for trucks in the USA at the end of the 20th century?
7. How were truck drivers paid for their work?
8. What was the commercial carriers’ tariff policy?
9. How were trucking operations regulated?
Task 3. Fill in the gaps with appropriate prepositions and translate the sentences into your mother tongue. Consult the text above.
1. A commercial driver’s license is obtained ___ special training.
2. A ton-kilometer is the movement of one metric ton ____ the distance of one kilometer.
3. All types of manufacturing are also dependent ___ trucking for shipping finished goods.
4. Congress extended the original legislation ___ six months.
5. Drivers must keep written logbooks ____ their hours and miles traveled
6. Drivers who work for trucking companies are generally paid ___ the mile.
7. In the mid-1990s, about 9.5 million people in the United States were employed ___ trucking industry jobs.
8. In the mid-1990s, US trucking companies generated over $350 billion ____ gross revenues.
9. One of the largest US truckload carrier offered new pay rates of 37 to 41 cents ____ mile.
10. The company closed 15 terminals, laying off 800 workers and filed _____ bankruptcy.
11. Trailers are licensed separately ____ tractors.
12. Trucking accounts ____ four-fifths of all domestic freight value in the United States.
13. Trucking has become the predominant means ____ delivering all types of goods.
14. Commercial carriers usually charge for freight ____ weight and distance.
15. Trucks traveling on interstate highways and primary roads must be inspected ____ weigh stations.
16. Trucks are subjected ____ safety inspections.
17. Trucks may be put out ____ service if the safety equipment does not meet standards.