- •Міністерство освіти і науки україни
- •Передмова
- •II. Lexical exercises
- •§1. Active vs passive voice (Активний і пасивний стани)
- •§2. The Simple2 Passive Tenses (Прості часи пасивного стану)
- •3. Вживання
- •IV. Grammar exercises
- •V. Working on the text
- •The Year 1938: Need of a National Transportation Policy
- •VI. Speaking practice
- •The us transportation problems in 1938 Plan
- •Lesson II us highway transportation in 1947
- •I. Active vocabulary
- •II. Lexical exercises
- •§ 1. The Perfect Passive Tenses (Завершені часи пасивного стану)
- •§ 2. The Present Perfect Passive Tense (Теперішній завершений час пасивного стану)
- •1. Формула будування присудка
- •2. Вживання
- •IV. Grammar exercises
- •Ex 2. Answer the question according to the model.
- •V. Working on the text
- •Us Highway Trasportation in 1947
- •VI. Speaking practice
- •Lesson III us highway transportation in 1950
- •I. Active vocabulary
- •II. Lexical exercises
- •§1. The Past Perfect Passive Tense (Минулий завершений час пасивного стану)
- •1. Формула будування присудка
- •2. Вживання
- •IV. Grammar exercises
- •V. Working on the text
- •Us Highway Transportation in 1950
- •VI. Speaking practice
- •Lesson IV us highway transportation in 1960
- •I. Active vocabulary
- •II. Lexical exercises
- •§1. The Future Perfect Passive Tense (Майбутній завершений час пасивного стану)
- •1. Формула будування присудка
- •2. Вживання
- •IV. Grammar exercises
- •V. Working on the text
- •Us Highway Transportation in 1960
- •Innovations in Equipment and Operation
- •VI. Speaking practice
- •Lesson V us highway transportation in 1972
- •I. Active vocabulary
- •II. Lexical exercises
- •§ 1. The Progressive19 Passive Tenses (Тривалі часи пасивного стану)
- •§ 2. The Present Progressive Passive Tense (Теперішній тривалий час пасивного стану)
- •1. Формула будування присудка
- •2. Вживання
- •IV. Grammar exercises
- •V. Working on the text
- •VI. Speaking practice
- •Lesson VI us highway transportation in 1980
- •I. Active vocabulary
- •II. Lexical exercises
- •§ 1. Минулий тривалий час пасивного стану (the past progressive passive tense)
- •1. Формула будування присудка
- •2. Вживання
- •All the time – весь час all day / week / month / year long – весь день / тиждень/ місяць / рік
- •IV. Grammar exercises
- •V. Working on the text
- •Us highway transportation in 1980
- •VI. Speaking practice
- •Lesson VII us highway transportation in 1990
- •I. Active vocabulary
- •II. Lexical exercises
- •§ 1. Конструкція “have something done”
- •1. Загальна формула будування присудка
- •2. Вживання
- •IV. Grammar exercises
- •V. Working on the text
- •Us highway transportation in 1990
- •VI. Speaking practice
- •II. Lexical exercises
- •III. Working on the text
- •Us highway transportation at the end of the 20th century
- •IV. Speaking practice
- •V. Revision and Consolidation
- •Харківський національний автомобільно-дорожній університет
- •Харків 2009
- •Навчальний посібник the development of the us transportation system in the 20th century
All the time – весь час all day / week / month / year long – весь день / тиждень/ місяць / рік
(within) the whole morning / evening / day / week etc. – цілий ранок / вечір / день / тиждень, і т.д.
from 12 till 7 – з 12 до 7
Наприклад
● My car was being repaired the whole week, and I had to use public transport. – Мій автомобіль ремонтували цілий тиждень, і я був змушений користатися громадським транспортом.
Примітка
Якщо немає необхідності емоційно підкреслюсвати тривалість дії, вживається Simple Past (простий минулий час).
Наприклад
● My car was repaired the whole week, and I had to use public transport. – Мій автомобіль ремонтували цілий тиждень, і я був змушений користатися громадським транспортом.
Е. Минулий тривалий час може вживатися для позначення дій, які неодоразово або постійно повторювалися у минулому.
Наприклад
● Ten years ago Edward N. Cole was a young engineer and his unconventional ideas about car design were being overlooked by GM's top command. – Десять років тому Едвард Н. Коул був молодим інженером, і його нетрадиційні ідеї відносно конструкції автомобілів постійно (неодноразово) ігнорувалися керівниками компанії Дженерал Моторс.
IV. Grammar exercises
Ex 1. Rewrite the sentences as in the example. Translate them into your mother tongue.
Example
This car model is now being developed. ► This car model was being developed at that time.
1. Workers are now being laid off at factories in Britain.
2. New trasportation improvement strategies are now being implemented in the region.
3. Data on highway congestion locations are now being collected.
4. The impacts of incidents on road traffic are now being analyzed.
5. Alternative sources of financing for new highway construction are now being sought.
6. Pushkinskaya Street is now being resurfaced.
7. The rails are now being removed from the central lane.
8. A detailed assessment of transportation alternatives is now being conducted.
Ex.2. Put the verbs in brackets into past progressive passive forms. Translate them into your mother tongue.
1. When we arrived in Baltimore, the rapid transit system there (complete).
2. At that period, tunneling (carry out) for a light-rail rapid transit system in Buffalo.
3. The mayor telephoned when the costs of the 2010 city’s center reconstruction project (estimated).
4. In winter 2009, the hryvnia constantly (devalue)which retarded financial and economic activity.
5. Throughout 2007 the country’s economic development (finance) through monetary issues from the Central Bank.
6. The whole year after the crisis had been met, its repercussions (feel) in all sectors of the industry, especially in trucking.
7. When Colbert resigned as president, the company (threaten) with bankruptcy.
8. Iacocca was hired as president of Chrysler Corporation at the time when the company (plague) with management and sales problems.
Ex 3. Rewrite the sentences beginning with the phrase in italics as in the example. Translate them into your mother tongue.
Example
Within the whole February 2009, analysts were considering the ways of fighting the inflation. ► The ways of fighting the inflation were being considered by analysts within the whole February 2009.
1. When he came into the conference-hall, the participants of the conference were discussing issues concerning the motor carrier industry deregulation.
2. At that moment the traffic warden was inspecting the parking lot where he usually parked his car.
3. At that time dealers were selling cars with no warranty and no assurance of service after sale.
4. I bought my first car at the time when the automotive industry was introducing safety belts.
5. When I started working for the company, they were improving the effectiveness of exhaust systems.
6. He saw that a State Motor Vehicle inspector was carefully examining his new car.
7. As mid-sized sedans arrived, other Chrysler teams were preparing new lines of compact cars for 1994 and 1995.
8. The informatiom arrived when the department officials were analyzing impacts of traffic incidents on congestions on the arterial streets.
Ex 4. Translate into English using past progressive passive forms where necessary.
1. У той час спад комерційної діяльності відчувався повсюди.
2. Поки обговорювалося питання про підвищення цін на паливо, деякі заправні станції не працювали.
3. Ця інформація надійшла, коли збиралися дані про вплив заторів на дорожній рух у нашому місті.
4. У той час інтелектуальні транспортні системи (Intelligent Transportation Systems) ще тільки розроблялися.
5. Коли водій дістався сервісного центру, його автомобіль тестували.
6. У той рік гривня (hryvnia) постійно знецінювалася.