Grammar structures

1. The Past Perfect Tense

1. I (we, he, she, you, they) had got the tickets to the theatre

1. before you came

2. by 2 o'clock yesterday

2. I (we, he, she, you, they) did it after Pete had gone to the cinema.

2. Comparative Use of the Past Progressive, Present Perfect and Past Perfect Tenses

Past Progressive	Past Perfect
I was going to the theatre a) at 6 o'clock b) when you saw me	1 had returned home a) by 6 o'clock b) when (before) you came

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Я йшла в театр	Я (вже) повернулась
	додому
а) вчора о 6 годині	а) вчора на 6 годину
6) в той момент, коли ви побачили мене	6) (на той момент)
	коли ви прийшли

Present Perfect	Past Perfect
It's good that you have come only now, as і have just finished my work.	It's good that you came only at 8 o'clock as I had finished my work (just) before I came.
Добре, що ви прийшли лише зараз, бо я щойно закінчив роботу.	Добре, що ви прийшли лише о 8 годині, бо я закінчив роботу щойно перед тим, як ви прийшли.

3. The Future – in – the - Past

Не knew that I should go to the Він знав, що я піду в кіно

cinema in the evening. ввечері.

І did not know that you would go Я не знав, що ви підете в те- to the theatre. атр.

Note: It expresses the future action in reference to the past moment.

It is used in subordinate clauses if the predicate of the principal clause is expressed by the verb in the past tense.

4. Sequence of Tenses. Reported Speech

Direct Speech	Reported Speech
Hi said, “I go to the Crimea every year".	He said (that) he went to the Crimea every year.
He said, “I‘m reading a very interesting book now".	He said he was reading a very interesting book then.
He said, " I went there last year".	He said he had gone there the previous year.
He said, "You will enjoy your stay here".	He told me (that) I should enjoy my stay there.
He said, " I have read the book".	He . said he had read the book.

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Note: When changing direct speech into reported the following

changes of the tense take places:

Reported Speech

Simple Past

Direct Speech

Simple Present

Past Progressive

Past Perfect

Present Progressive

Simple Past

Past Perfect

Present Perfect

Simple Future Future-in-the-Past

Note: When changing direct speech into reported, the following changes of adverb and pronouns usually take place:

Direct Speech Reported Speech
This	That
these	those
now	then
here	there
today	that day
tomorrow	the next day, the following day
yesterday	the day before, the previous day
next	the following
last	the previous
ago	before
in two days	two days later