- •I.В. Знаменська
- •Contents
- •Передмова
- •Hippocratic oath
- •Unit 1 lesson 1
- •Vocabulary
- •Phonetics
- •Grammar:
- •(Interrogative Form)
- •(Negative Form)
- •To have
- •Pronoun
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •I am a medical student
- •Personal Information Sheet
- •1. Tell your fellow-students about yourself.
- •2. Describe your family to your new friend.
- •3. Show a friend your family album and answer all his/her questions.
- •Ex. 38. You want to get some information about your patient. Ask him/her questions using the expressions of 36thexercise. Overview
- •Lesson 2
- •Vocabulary
- •Phonetics
- •Grammar: word order in a statement
- •Article
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Ukrainian medical stomatological academy
- •Medical university
- •Overview
- •Lesson 3
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Vowels (голосні)
- •Word-building
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Medical education in ukraine
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •(Interrogative Form)
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Medical education in the usa
- •Medical education in the united kingdom
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Forms of the verb
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Profession of the physician
- •How often should I consult my physician
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Grammar:
- •Impersonal sentences
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Ex. 9. What famous physicians of the present do you know? What field of medicine do they work in?
- •Prominent scientists and physicians of ukraine
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Grammar:
- •Simple tenses (Affirmative Form, Active Voice)
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Public health service in ukraine
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Word-building
- •National health service in the united kingdom
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Simple tenses (Interrogative Form, Active Voice) General Questions
- •Special Questions
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Polyclinic
- •Overview
- •Medical examination
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Reading and developing speaking skills Ex. 7. Read vocabulary and memorize new words. Ex. 8. Compose 5-6 sentences using the words of the vocabulary
- •At the therapeutist's
- •Overview
- •Rules of reading
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Open conditionals
- •Numeral
- •Vocabulary
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Hospital
- •Ex. 19. Translate the following sentences into English:
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •At the physician's
- •1. In what order you might ask these questions; 2. In what form you might ask them:
- •Overview
- •Lesson 13
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Grammar:
- •Modal verbs
- •Equivalents of the modal verbs
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Chemist’s shop
- •Your home medicine chest
- •Overview
- •I. Insert the missing words:
- •II. Finish the following sentences:
- •III. Choose the proper term given below to the following definitions:
- •IV. Read and translate one of the following texts:
- •Galen (philosopher, physician, discoverer of blood and the cranial nerves)
- •World health organization
- •V. Speak on the following topics:
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Simple tenses (Passive Voice, Affirmative Form)
- •Passive voice:
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Body regions
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Simple tenses (Passive Voice, Interrogative Form)
- •General Questions
- •Special Questions
- •Reading and developing speaking skills Ex. 8. Insert the missing letters and translate the following words:
- •Ex. 12. Read the following text: trunk
- •Body cavities
- •Directional terms for humans
- •Vocabulary
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Lesson 18
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Perfect tenses (Active Voice, Affirmative Form)
- •Modal verbs: should and would
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Ex. 18. Do you agree, disagree or partially agree with the statements below:
- •Cell division
- •Ex. 25. Answer the following questions:
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Reading and developing speaking
- •Tissues
- •Classification of Epithelium
- •Tissues and organs
- •Functions and Location of Tissues.
- •Vocabulary
- •Reading and developing speaking
- •Organ systems
- •Ex. 16. Translate the following sentences into English:
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading mute letters (“німі” літери)
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Participle I (v4)
- •Continuous tenses (Active Voice, Affirmative Form)
- •Reading and developing skills
- •Skeleton
- •Ex. 26. Read the following words and try to memorize them:
- •Bone's structure
- •Overview
- •Lesson 22
- •Vocabulary
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Fractures, dislocations, sprains, and strains
- •Fractures
- •Dislocations
- •Sprains
- •Strains
- •The signs of fractures, dislocations, sprains, and strains
- •Ex. 11. What types of dislocations and fractures do you know? Can you explain the meaning of the following terms:
- •Types of fractures
- •First aid
- •At the traumatologist’s
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading mute letters (“німі” літери)
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Continuous tenses (Active Voice, Interrogative Form)
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Muscles
- •Ex. 23. Make up a detailed plan of the text "Muscles".
- •Ex. 26. Read the following text and answer the question: Is the body-building useful for modern people? body-building
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Reading and developing speaking skills Ex. 1. Insert the missing letters:
- •Emergency care of wounds
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading mute letters (“німі” літери)
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Continuous tenses (Passive Voice, Affirmative Form)
- •Indefinite pronouns and adverbs
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Digestive system
- •Portions of the digestive system
- •Gallbladder
- •Pancreas
- •Large intestine
- •The alimentary tract
- •At the gastroenterologist’s
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Stomach
- •Stomach functions
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Perfect tenses (Passive Voice, Affirmative Form)
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Overview
- •Lesson 28
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Perfect tenses (Passive Voice, Interrogative Form)
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Ex. 8. Translate the following words and word-combinations into Ukrainian:
- •Ex. 14. Answer the following questions:
- •Formed elements of the blood
- •Platelets
- •Leukocytes
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Perfect tenses
- •(Passive Voice)
- •(Revision)
- •Object clauses
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Blood groups
- •Ex. 19. Find the corresponding Ukrainian equivalents for the English terms:
- •Ex. 20. Pronounce and memorize the words to the theme studied:
- •Ex. 21. Read the following text: blood transfusion
- •Summary
- •І. Головна тема чи проблема:
- •Іі. Мета вивчення:
- •Ііі. Зазначення основних положень:
- •IV. Применение на практике
- •V. Висновки та результати:
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Attributive clauses
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Suggestions for useful phrases:
- •Ex. 27. Translate the following interrogative sentences into English:
- •Heart chambers
- •Vessels
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Adverbial clauses
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Blood vessels
- •General features of blood vessel structure
- •Lesson 32
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar: subordinate clauses
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •The cardiac cycle
- •At the cardiologist’s
- •Overview
- •Lesson 33
- •II. Insert the correct form of the verb:
- •III. Translate the following sentences:
- •IV. Read and translate one of the following texts: Text a disorders of the heart and blood vessels
- •Text b atherosclerosis
- •Text c leukemia
- •Text d digestive system
- •Peptic ulcer
- •Text f gastritis
- •V. Speak on the following topics:
- •Appendix 1
- •Irregular verbs
- •Appendix 2 suffixes and term-elements
- •Term elements of greek and latin origin greek, latin, english and ukrainian equivalents
- •Короткий довідник з правил словотворення
- •Найуживаніші суфікси англійської мови:
- •Основні префікси:
- •Practical grammar guide
- •(Короткий граматичний довідник)
- •Іменник
- •(Cases)
- •Артикль (article)
- •Займенники (pronouns)
- •Прикметник (adjective)
- •Найвищий ступінь порівняння прикметників (Superlative Degree)
- •Порядок слів у реченні.
- •Побудова розповідних і питальних речень
- •Способи визначення присудка в англійському реченні
- •Неозначено-особові речення
- •Безособові речення.
- •Форми дієслова forms of the verb
- •Часи групи simple (indefinite) present simple
- •Past simple
- •Future simple
- •Simple tenses
- •Часи групи continuous
- •Present continuous
- •Past continuous
- •Future continuous
- •Continuous tenses
- •Perfect tenses
- •Present perfect
- •Past perfect
- •Future perfect
- •Perfect tenses
- •Стан дієслова
- •Passive voice
- •Зведена таблиця часів стверджувальної форми
- •Зведена таблиця питальної форми
- •Interrogative form
- •Дієслова to be та to have
- •Ознаки функціональної відмінності дієслова to be
- •Модальні дієслова (modal verbs)
- •Модальне дієслово can
- •Модальне дієслово could
- •Модальне дієслово may
- •Модальне дієслово must
- •Ознаки розпізнавання граматичних форм, утворених за допомогою допоміжних дієслів should I would
- •Підрядні додаткові та означальні речення (object clauses)
- •Виділення членів речення за допомогою підсилювальної конструкції it is (was, will be) ... That (who, which)
- •Умовний спосіб
- •(Infinitive)
- •Об’єктний інфінітивний комплекс (Objective Infinitive Construction)
- •Дієприкметник
- •Об’єктний дієприкметниковий комплекс (Objective Participle Construction)
- •The Objective Participle Construction перекладається підрядним реченням зі сполучником “як”: I saw them walking along the street. – я бачив, як вони йшли по вулиці. Герундій (gerund)
- •Форми герундія
- •Герундіальний комплекс (зворот) (Gerund Construction)
- •Узгодження часів у підрядному додатковому реченні
- •Vocabulary список використаної літератури
- •І.В. Знаменська о.О. Пісоцька в.Г. Костенко
Adverbial clauses
The right ventricle pumps the blood into the lungs, where the blood gives up the carbon dioxide. |
Правий шлуночок нагнітає кров до легенів, де кров звільняється|визволяє| від вуглекислого газу. |
As soon as I get this article, I shall read about the functions of pulmonic valve. |
Як тільки я дістану цю статтю, я прочитаю про функції клапана легеневого стовбура|ствол|. |
I couldn’t come because I fell ill. |
Я не зміг прийти, тому що захворів. |
Ex. 4. Read and translate the following sentences into Ukrainian:
1. My working day begins early because the classes start at half past nine. 2. Pronounce the word as the teacher did it. 3. As I work hard I do sleep well. 4. You must read clearly so that other students may understand you well. 5. Although my grandmother is seventy she is quite well. 6. When a person is at rest, the heart pumps more slowly. 7. Although much research has been done on this disease, the cause remains unknown. 8. When the person is hot, the sweat on the skin lowers the body's temperature. 9. Cancer can be treated before it spreads to other organs or tissues. 10. The doctor is the most familiar profession in the health field, because most people turn to a doctor for advice when they are sick. 11. The vessels become smaller as they extend farther from the heart. 12. When compared to arteries, the walls of the veins are thinner and contain less elastic tissue and fewer smooth-muscle cells.
Reading and developing speaking skills
Ex. 5. Read VOCABULARY and memorize new words.
Ex. 6. Insert the missing letters. Read and translate the following words:
Mus_ular; v_ssel; capi_lary; s_pply; c_rculation; r_move; flex_ble; bas_ment; deli_er; no_rish.
Ex. 7. Read and translate the following words and word-combinations into Ukrainian:
To flow into; to pump blood; to increase in size; to remove waste products; composition of each layer; smooth muscle; medium-sized veins; elastic fibers; relative thickness; tunica media; tunica intima; gradual; circular; systemic vessels; delicate membrane; several times.
Ex. 8. Read the following text:
Blood vessels
The vascular system consists of blood vessels. They carry blood from the heart to all parts of the body. Blood vessels can be classified as capillaries, arteries and veins. Arteries normally are classified as elastic arteries, muscular arteries, and arterioles. The veins are classified as venules, small veins, and medium-sized and large veins.
The vessels become smaller as they extend farther from the heart. The aorta (large elastic artery) delivers blood to the large arteries. They, in turn, branch off several times and eventually blood flows into smaller vessels called arterioles. The arterioles supply the tiny capillaries (minute blood vessels) that nourish tissue. Oxygen is given up from capillaries to the tissues, and carbon dioxide from the tissue is taken up into the capillaries. The arteries have to be strong as well as flexible.
From the capillaries, the blood begins its trip back to the heart by way of the venous system. The veins increase in size closer to the heart. As part of circulation, the blood travels through the liver and kidneys, which remove waste products. The veins, under less pressure, are less muscular and less elastic than arteries.
The entire circulatory system is lined with simple squamous epithelium called endothelium. Capillaries consist only of endothelium. The capillary walls consist of endothelial cells, which rest on a basement. Venules are tubes composed of endothelium resting on a delicate basement membrane. Their structure is very similar to that of capillaries. The venules collect blood from the capillaries and transport it to the small veins, which in turn transport it to the medium-sized veins. Except for capillaries and venules, blood vessels have three layers: the inner tunica intima (consisting of endothelium, basement membrane, and internal elastic lamina), the tunica media (containing circular smooth muscle and elastic fibers), and the outer tunica adventitia (which is connective tissue). The relative thickness and composition of each layer varies with the diameter of the blood vessel and its type. The transition from one artery type or from one vein type to another is gradual, as are structural changes.
Vessels transporting blood through essentially all parts of the body from the left ventricle and back to the right atrium are called the systemic vessels. The pulmonary vessels transport blood from the right ventricle through the lungs and back to the left atrium.
Ex. 9. Translate the following words and word-combinations into English:
Сквамозний, покритий лусочками; адвентиціальна оболонка; гнучкий, еластичний; віддалений; капіляр; розгалуджуватися; артерія; внутрішня оболонка; живити; тонка пластинка, тонкий шар; доставляти; базис, основа; зрештою, нарешті, з часом; качати.
Ex. 10. Translate the text “Vessels” into Ukrainian.
Ex. 11. Complete the following sentences.
1. The _ circulation is composed of vessels that carry blood from the right ventricle to the lungs, pulmonary capillaries, and vessels that lead back to the left atrium. 2. The _ circulation is composed of vessels that lead from the heart to the body cells and back to the heart. 3. The aorta is the main _ of the systemic arteries. 4. The walls of vessels consist of three distinct layers, they are _. 5. The peripheral circulatory system can be divided into sets of _ vessels. 6. Blood flows from the _ through arteries and arterioles to the capillaries. 7. Blood returns to the heart from the _ through veins and venules. 8. Blood then flows through the capillary network and into the _.
Ex. 12. Fill in the blanks with the prepositions where necessary.
1. The blood vessels are organs _ the cardio-vascular system, and they form a close circuit _ tubes that carries blood _ the heart _ the body cells and back again. 2. The vessels become smaller as they extend farther _ the heart. 3. Arterioles are branches _ arteries. 5. Veins carry blood _ the cells. 6. The veins increase _ size closer _ the heart. 7. Venous walls are similar _ arterial walls, but are thinner and contain less muscle and elastic tissues. 8. Capillaries form connections _ arterioles and venules. 9. Oxygen is given up _ capillaries _ the tissues, and carbon dioxide _ the tissue is taken up _ the capillaries. 10. The entire circulatory system is lined _ simple squamous epithelium. 11. The various tissue circulations are arranged _ parallel circuits with certain morphological and functional differentiations.
Ex. 13. Answer the following questions:
1. What does the vascular system consist of? 2. What are the three main types of blood vessels? 3. What groups are arteries classified into? 4. What blood do vessels carry from some parts of the body toward the heart? 5. What blood do vessels carry from the heart throughout the body? 6.What types of veins can you distinguish? 7. What are the arterioles? 8. How many layers do capillary walls consist of? 11. What layers are the walls of the blood vessels composed of?
Ex. 14. Read the following terms and try to match them with the Ukrainian equivalents:
Vasoactive drug, vasoconstriction, vasodilation, vasodepression, vasography, vasospasm, vasorelaxant, angioarchitecture, angiodermatitis, angiodysplasia, angiogenesis, angiographic image, angiology, angiometer, angiopathy.
Розвиток кровоносних судин; розширення судин; захворювання судин; вазоактивні (такі, що впливають на судини) ліки; запалення шкірних судин; вазорелаксант; зниження судинного тонусу; звуження судин; ангіометр (інструмент для вимірювання діаметра судин); ангіодисплазія (дегенеративні зміни судин); ангіографічне зображення; рентгеноангіографія; ангіоархітектоніка (розділ анатомії, що вивчає порядок розгалудження артерій та формування вен); ангіологія (розділ анатомії, що вивчає кровоносні та лімфатичні судини); спазм судин.
Ex. 15. Write out key words of the text “Blood Vessels”.
Ex. 16. Make up a plan of the text “Blood Vessels”.
Ex. 17. Give a summary of the text “Blood Vessels”.
Ex. 18. Make up a dialogue on vessels.
Ex. 19. Read and retell the following text: