- •I.В. Знаменська
- •Contents
- •Передмова
- •Hippocratic oath
- •Unit 1 lesson 1
- •Vocabulary
- •Phonetics
- •Grammar:
- •(Interrogative Form)
- •(Negative Form)
- •To have
- •Pronoun
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •I am a medical student
- •Personal Information Sheet
- •1. Tell your fellow-students about yourself.
- •2. Describe your family to your new friend.
- •3. Show a friend your family album and answer all his/her questions.
- •Ex. 38. You want to get some information about your patient. Ask him/her questions using the expressions of 36thexercise. Overview
- •Lesson 2
- •Vocabulary
- •Phonetics
- •Grammar: word order in a statement
- •Article
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Ukrainian medical stomatological academy
- •Medical university
- •Overview
- •Lesson 3
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Vowels (голосні)
- •Word-building
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Medical education in ukraine
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •(Interrogative Form)
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Medical education in the usa
- •Medical education in the united kingdom
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Forms of the verb
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Profession of the physician
- •How often should I consult my physician
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Grammar:
- •Impersonal sentences
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Ex. 9. What famous physicians of the present do you know? What field of medicine do they work in?
- •Prominent scientists and physicians of ukraine
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Grammar:
- •Simple tenses (Affirmative Form, Active Voice)
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Public health service in ukraine
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Word-building
- •National health service in the united kingdom
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Simple tenses (Interrogative Form, Active Voice) General Questions
- •Special Questions
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Polyclinic
- •Overview
- •Medical examination
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Reading and developing speaking skills Ex. 7. Read vocabulary and memorize new words. Ex. 8. Compose 5-6 sentences using the words of the vocabulary
- •At the therapeutist's
- •Overview
- •Rules of reading
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Open conditionals
- •Numeral
- •Vocabulary
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Hospital
- •Ex. 19. Translate the following sentences into English:
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •At the physician's
- •1. In what order you might ask these questions; 2. In what form you might ask them:
- •Overview
- •Lesson 13
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Grammar:
- •Modal verbs
- •Equivalents of the modal verbs
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Chemist’s shop
- •Your home medicine chest
- •Overview
- •I. Insert the missing words:
- •II. Finish the following sentences:
- •III. Choose the proper term given below to the following definitions:
- •IV. Read and translate one of the following texts:
- •Galen (philosopher, physician, discoverer of blood and the cranial nerves)
- •World health organization
- •V. Speak on the following topics:
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Simple tenses (Passive Voice, Affirmative Form)
- •Passive voice:
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Body regions
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Simple tenses (Passive Voice, Interrogative Form)
- •General Questions
- •Special Questions
- •Reading and developing speaking skills Ex. 8. Insert the missing letters and translate the following words:
- •Ex. 12. Read the following text: trunk
- •Body cavities
- •Directional terms for humans
- •Vocabulary
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Lesson 18
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Perfect tenses (Active Voice, Affirmative Form)
- •Modal verbs: should and would
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Ex. 18. Do you agree, disagree or partially agree with the statements below:
- •Cell division
- •Ex. 25. Answer the following questions:
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Reading and developing speaking
- •Tissues
- •Classification of Epithelium
- •Tissues and organs
- •Functions and Location of Tissues.
- •Vocabulary
- •Reading and developing speaking
- •Organ systems
- •Ex. 16. Translate the following sentences into English:
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading mute letters (“німі” літери)
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Participle I (v4)
- •Continuous tenses (Active Voice, Affirmative Form)
- •Reading and developing skills
- •Skeleton
- •Ex. 26. Read the following words and try to memorize them:
- •Bone's structure
- •Overview
- •Lesson 22
- •Vocabulary
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Fractures, dislocations, sprains, and strains
- •Fractures
- •Dislocations
- •Sprains
- •Strains
- •The signs of fractures, dislocations, sprains, and strains
- •Ex. 11. What types of dislocations and fractures do you know? Can you explain the meaning of the following terms:
- •Types of fractures
- •First aid
- •At the traumatologist’s
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading mute letters (“німі” літери)
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Continuous tenses (Active Voice, Interrogative Form)
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Muscles
- •Ex. 23. Make up a detailed plan of the text "Muscles".
- •Ex. 26. Read the following text and answer the question: Is the body-building useful for modern people? body-building
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Reading and developing speaking skills Ex. 1. Insert the missing letters:
- •Emergency care of wounds
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading mute letters (“німі” літери)
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Continuous tenses (Passive Voice, Affirmative Form)
- •Indefinite pronouns and adverbs
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Digestive system
- •Portions of the digestive system
- •Gallbladder
- •Pancreas
- •Large intestine
- •The alimentary tract
- •At the gastroenterologist’s
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Stomach
- •Stomach functions
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Perfect tenses (Passive Voice, Affirmative Form)
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Overview
- •Lesson 28
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Perfect tenses (Passive Voice, Interrogative Form)
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Ex. 8. Translate the following words and word-combinations into Ukrainian:
- •Ex. 14. Answer the following questions:
- •Formed elements of the blood
- •Platelets
- •Leukocytes
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Perfect tenses
- •(Passive Voice)
- •(Revision)
- •Object clauses
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Blood groups
- •Ex. 19. Find the corresponding Ukrainian equivalents for the English terms:
- •Ex. 20. Pronounce and memorize the words to the theme studied:
- •Ex. 21. Read the following text: blood transfusion
- •Summary
- •І. Головна тема чи проблема:
- •Іі. Мета вивчення:
- •Ііі. Зазначення основних положень:
- •IV. Применение на практике
- •V. Висновки та результати:
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Attributive clauses
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Suggestions for useful phrases:
- •Ex. 27. Translate the following interrogative sentences into English:
- •Heart chambers
- •Vessels
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Adverbial clauses
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Blood vessels
- •General features of blood vessel structure
- •Lesson 32
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar: subordinate clauses
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •The cardiac cycle
- •At the cardiologist’s
- •Overview
- •Lesson 33
- •II. Insert the correct form of the verb:
- •III. Translate the following sentences:
- •IV. Read and translate one of the following texts: Text a disorders of the heart and blood vessels
- •Text b atherosclerosis
- •Text c leukemia
- •Text d digestive system
- •Peptic ulcer
- •Text f gastritis
- •V. Speak on the following topics:
- •Appendix 1
- •Irregular verbs
- •Appendix 2 suffixes and term-elements
- •Term elements of greek and latin origin greek, latin, english and ukrainian equivalents
- •Короткий довідник з правил словотворення
- •Найуживаніші суфікси англійської мови:
- •Основні префікси:
- •Practical grammar guide
- •(Короткий граматичний довідник)
- •Іменник
- •(Cases)
- •Артикль (article)
- •Займенники (pronouns)
- •Прикметник (adjective)
- •Найвищий ступінь порівняння прикметників (Superlative Degree)
- •Порядок слів у реченні.
- •Побудова розповідних і питальних речень
- •Способи визначення присудка в англійському реченні
- •Неозначено-особові речення
- •Безособові речення.
- •Форми дієслова forms of the verb
- •Часи групи simple (indefinite) present simple
- •Past simple
- •Future simple
- •Simple tenses
- •Часи групи continuous
- •Present continuous
- •Past continuous
- •Future continuous
- •Continuous tenses
- •Perfect tenses
- •Present perfect
- •Past perfect
- •Future perfect
- •Perfect tenses
- •Стан дієслова
- •Passive voice
- •Зведена таблиця часів стверджувальної форми
- •Зведена таблиця питальної форми
- •Interrogative form
- •Дієслова to be та to have
- •Ознаки функціональної відмінності дієслова to be
- •Модальні дієслова (modal verbs)
- •Модальне дієслово can
- •Модальне дієслово could
- •Модальне дієслово may
- •Модальне дієслово must
- •Ознаки розпізнавання граматичних форм, утворених за допомогою допоміжних дієслів should I would
- •Підрядні додаткові та означальні речення (object clauses)
- •Виділення членів речення за допомогою підсилювальної конструкції it is (was, will be) ... That (who, which)
- •Умовний спосіб
- •(Infinitive)
- •Об’єктний інфінітивний комплекс (Objective Infinitive Construction)
- •Дієприкметник
- •Об’єктний дієприкметниковий комплекс (Objective Participle Construction)
- •The Objective Participle Construction перекладається підрядним реченням зі сполучником “як”: I saw them walking along the street. – я бачив, як вони йшли по вулиці. Герундій (gerund)
- •Форми герундія
- •Герундіальний комплекс (зворот) (Gerund Construction)
- •Узгодження часів у підрядному додатковому реченні
- •Vocabulary список використаної літератури
- •І.В. Знаменська о.О. Пісоцька в.Г. Костенко
Grammar: subordinate clauses
Ex. 5. Read and translate the following sentences into Ukrainian, paying attention to subordinate clauses:
1. As plaque accumulates, blood circulation decreases. 2. Other research suggests that carbon monoxide also may have a direct, degenerative effect on the heart muscle itself, on the blood vessels, and on the clotting of the blood. 3. Because the process of atherosclerosis is accelerated with both high blood pressure and smoking, probably as a result of the harmful effects of nicotine and carbon monoxide on blood vessels, a smoker who has a high blood pressure is at much greater risk of atherosclerosis. 4. The lymph capillaries are delicate tubes whose wall consists of a single layer of endothelial cells. 5. One of the plasma proteins of particular interest is fibrinogen, which is essential in the clotting of the blood. 6. Blood platelets disintegrate when the blood is exposed to the air and function in the clotting of blood.
Reading and developing speaking skills
Ex. 6. Read and memorize the words of VOCABULARY.
Ex. 7. Insert the missing letters:
Press_re; ventr_cular; di_stole; t_ssue; cond_cting; ret_rn; c_cle; rec_ive; d_late; _bsorb; s_stole.
Ex. 8. Translate the following words and word-combinations into Ukrainian:
Carbon dioxide; pressure; atrium; ventricle; abnormality; integrity; return; newborn infant; tissue; move; mitral valve; vary; capability; receive; compromise; duration; simultaneously; dilate; conducting system; alter.
Ex. 9. Read and translate the following words and word-combinations:
1. tissue ['tISu:] ['tIsju]: soft tissue; the tissue has an outer layer; the tissue has an inner layer; a layer composed of tissue; fibrous tissue;
2. pressure ['preSq]: high pressure, low pressure; low-pressure pump; blood pressure; to alter the pressure;
3. pulmonic valve [pAl'mOnIk 'vxlv]: outer layer of pulmonic valve; the pulmonic valve consists of; through the pulmonic valve into the lungs; to pump oxygen-poor blood through the pulmonic valve;
4. capability [,keIpq'bIlItI]: to depend on the capability; capability of cardiac muscle; alter the capability; the capability of conducting system;
5. atrial ['eItrIql]: the atrial myocardium; contraction of the atrial myocardium; the abnormality of the atrial myocardium; atrial diastole; to compromise the atrial myocardium.
pulmonary ['pAlmqnqrI]: pulmonary system; to be included in the pulmonary system; the pulmonary circulation
Ex. 10. Read the following words:
Blood; delivery; low-pressure; move; stronger; oxygen-poor; pulmonic; carbon dioxide; oxygen; oxygen-enriched; receive; aorta; subdivide; tissue; include; repetitive; atrial; systole; diastole; similarly; thus; simultaneously; human; capability; muscle; functional; alter; effectiveness.
Ex. 11. Read the following text:
The cardiac cycle
The blood entering the right side of the heart returns from the tissues and has been delivered by the veins. The receiving chamber is the right atrium. This atrium also is a low-pressure pump, and it moves the blood into the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve.
The right ventricle has thicker, stronger walls than the right atrium. The right ventricle pumps the oxygen-poor blood through the pulmonic valve into the lungs, where the blood gives up the carbon dioxide it has carried from the tissues. At the same time, the blood is absorbing oxygen. The pumping action moves the blood from the lungs to the receiving chamber on the other side of the heart, the left atrium, which pumps the blood into the left ventricle through the mitral valve. The left ventricle sends the oxygen-enriched blood into the aorta, the principal artery that subdivides and delivers the blood to the body's tissues, including the brain, internal organs, and extremities.
The cardiac cycle is repetitive contraction and relaxation of the heart chambers. Contraction of the atrial myocardium is called atrial systole, and relaxation of the atrial myocardium is called atrial diastole. Similarly, ventricular systole is contraction of the ventricular myocardium, and ventricular diastole is relaxation of the ventricular myocardium. Thus the term systole means "to contract", and diastole means "to dilate". The right and left chambers contract and relax simultaneously.
The duration of the cardiac cycle varies among humans and also varies during an individual’s lifetime. It may be as short as 0.25 to 0.3 second in a newborn infant or as long as 1 or more seconds in a well-trained athlete. The normal cardiac cycle (0.7 to 0.8 second) depends on the capability of cardiac muscle to contract and on the functional integrity of the conducting system. Abnormalities of cardiac muscle, the valves, or conducting system of the heart may alter the cardiac cycle and thus compromise the pumping effectiveness of the heart.
Ex. 12. Translate the following words and word-combinations into English:
Повертатися, йти назад; передсердний, такий, що має відношення до передсердя; шлуночковий, такий, що має відношення до шлуночку; тиск|тиснення|; отримувати|одержувати|, акумулювати; клапан легеневого стовбура|ствола|; здатність|здібність|, можливість|спроможність|; тривалість, діастола; дротяна|провід| система; патологія; розширювати(ся|ся|); систола; нагнітати кров, погано збагачену киснем; віддавати вуглекислий газ; направляти|спрямовувати,скеровувати| збагачену киснем кров; протягом життя людини; залежати від функціональної цілісності провідної системи.
Ex. 13. Translate the following sentences paying attention to words in bold type:
1. The right ventricle pumps the oxygen-poor blood through the pulmonic valve into the lungs, where the blood gives up the carbon dioxide it has carried from the tissues. 2. The left ventricle sends the oxygen-enriched blood into the aorta. 3. The duration of the cardiac cycle varies among humans and also varies during an individual’s lifetime.4. The duration of the cardiac cycle may be as short as 0.25 to 0.3 second in a newborn infant or as long as 1 or more seconds in a well-trained athlete.
Cardiac Systole
Ex. 14. Translate the text "Cardiac Cycle" into Ukrainian.
Ex. 15. Answer the following questions:
1. What is the blood entering the right side of the heart retuning from? 2. What is the right atrium? 3. What walls does the right ventricle have? 4. What does the blood give up in lungs? 5. Where does the pumping action of the heart move the blood from the lungs? 6. Where does the left ventricle send the oxygen-enriched blood? 7. What is the cardiac cycle? 8. What is the atrial systole? 9. What is the atrial diastole? 10. What is the ventricular systole? 11. What is the ventricular diastole? 12. What do the terms “systole” and “diastole” mean? 13. What is the duration of the cardiac cycle? 14. What does the normal cardiac cycle depend on?
Ex. 16.
A. Try to organize the information of the text in table:
Term |
Definition |
aorta |
|
cardiac cycle |
|
systole |
|
diastole |
|
atrial systole |
|
atrial diastole |
|
ventricular systole |
|
ventricular diastole |
|
B. Make up sentences using the data of table and following model:
MODEL:
Aorta is the principal artery that subdivides and delivers the blood to the body’s tissues.
The principal artery that subdivides and delivers the blood to the body’s tissues is called the aorta.
Ex. 17. What is it:
1. Complete round of cardiac systole and diastole. 2. Relaxation of the heart chambers during which they fill with blood. 3. Contraction of the heart chambers during which blood leaves the chambers. 4. Largest artery in the body; it carries blood from the heart’s left ventricle and distributes it throughout the body.
Ex. 18. Do you agree, disagree or partially agree with the statements below?
1. The right atrium moves the blood into the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve. 2. The duration of the cardiac cycle doesn’t vary among humans. 3. The pumping action moves the blood from the lungs to the left atrium. 4. The left ventricle pumps the blood into the left ventricle through the mitral valve. 5. The cardiac cycle is the contraction and relaxation of the muscles of the abdominal wall. 6. The term systole means to contract, and diastole means to separate.
Ex. 19. Translate into English the following sentences:
Праве передсердя переміщує кров у правий шлуночок через двостулковий клапан. Правий шлуночок через клапан легеневого стовбура|ствола| нагнітає кров до легень. Тут кров насичується|насичує| киснем. Від легенів кров тече|теча| до лівого передсердя, яке нагнітає кров у лівий шлуночок. З лівого шлуночку кров потрапляє|попадає| в аорту, яка переносить кров до мозку, внутрішніх органів, кінцівок|скінченностей|.
Скорочення міокарду передсердя називається систолою передсердя, розширення міокарду передсердя – це діастола передсердя. Систола шлуночків – це скорочення міокарду шлуночку, а діастола – розширення міокарду шлуночків. У людей тривалість серцевого|сердечного| циклу різна. Вона може тривати від 0,3 секунди до 1 секунди або довше. Проте|однак| зазвичай|звично| тривалість серцевого|сердечного| циклу складає 0,7 або 0,8 секунд. Патологія серцевого|сердечного| м'яза або клапана може призвести до порушення серцевого|сердечного| циклу.
Ex. 20. Complete the following dialogues:
A.
Where is the blood entering the right side of the heart retuning from?
_ (tissues).
What has the blood entering the right side of the heart been delivered by?
_ (veins).
What is the right atrium?
_ (the receiving chamber).
What atrium is the low-pressure pump?
_ (the right ventricle).
What atrium moves the blood into the right ventricle?
_ (the right ventricle).
What valve does the right atrium move the blood into the right ventricle through?
_ (the bicuspid valve).
B.
_?
The pumping action moves the blood from the lungs to the left atrium.
_?
The left atrium pumps the blood into the left ventricle.
_?
The left atrium pumps the blood into the left ventricle through the mitral valve.
_?
The left ventricle sends the oxygen-enriched blood into the aorta.
_?
Aorta is the principal artery of the human body that subdivides and delivers the blood to the body’s tissues, including the brain, organs, and extremities.
Ex. 21. Compose the similar dialogues.
Ex. 22. Memorize the following words and word combinations:
Sharp pain гострий біль; rheumatism ['ru:mqtIzm] ревматизм; stitch pain колющий біль; to ascend staircase підійматися сходами; to tire стомлюватися; disturbance порушення.
Ex. 23. Read and translate the following dialogue: