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3.Additionalexistresultswhendrillingfluidswhichmaycontainlostcirculationarelosttofractured, low-pressure, orhigh-permeabilityreservoirs.

4.Whentemperatureswarmnextspringtestingwillfocusondepositionofparaffinincrudeoil operations.

5.Thepartnersnearlydoubledoilproduction,whichtotaled4.200b/d lastyear.

6.Themostcommonlyunderstoodeverydayusesforpetroleumareinenergyconversion-powering transportation,thegenerationofelectricityandthedirectheatingofspaces.

7.Itislikelythesepumpswillfunctionmuchliketheonesusedundersubnormalpressureconditions.

8.Massiveamountsofdatapointsthuscollectedarethenvisualizedandanalyzed.

9.Astudyoftheeffectsofwatersaturationthicknesschangesonhydrocarbonconcentrationat thesurfacerequiresanappropriatemeasuringtechnique.

10.Ifliquidsfromsmallleaksdonotsurface,theycanseepintothesurroundingsoilundetected.

11.Oilandgascompaniesrecognizegoodsafetyandenvironmentalmanagementmakeeconomic senseandareessentialto guaranteeinglongtermpresenceintheindustry.

Ex. 3 Analysedifferentforms andfunctionsoftheverb“to produce”. Translatethesentences.

1.Toproducehydrocarbonssophisticatedtechnologyisused.

2.Toproduceenergyformankindis thetaskofoil andgasindustry.

3.Producinggasinthenorthrequiresnewtechnologiesandequipment.

4.Themajortrafficincrudeoiltransportationis fromtheproducingareastotheindustrialized ones.

5.Thecrudeoilproducedfromawellisofnouseuntilitischangedintopetrol,fueloil,lubricating oilandmanyotherproducts.

6.Intheearlydaysofpetrochemicalindustrycrudeoilwasusuallyrefinedneartowhereitwas produced.

7. Pipestobeproducedfromcold-resistant gradesofsteel will notbe affectedbytemperatures

of50°-60°below zero.

8.Theequipmentcurrentlybeingproducedbymachinebuildersno longersatisfies Siberianoil meneitherinqualityorinengineeringstandards.

9.Thenewspapersreportedanewplasticmaterialcapableofwithstanding2000°Ctohavebeen producedbyRussianresearchers.

10.ThemostviscousoilintheworldseemstobeproducedinUkhtaoilfield.

11.Havingproduced oil fromthe first oilwell in the world E.L. Drakeis consideredto bethe pioneerofoilindustry.

12.Naturalgasbeingproducedcommerciallyon Sakhalin, exportpipelinestotransportLNGto eitherChinaorJapanwillbebuilt.

13.Oilfromthewellsinwhichreservoirpressurehasdecreasedislikelytobeproducedbyoneof thesecondaryrecoverymethods.

14.Russia’sproducingmodemweldingequipmentforpipelineconstructionisknownallovertheworld.

15.Whenproduced,gasis freedofliquidsandunwantedcomponentssuchashydrogensulphide andcarbondioxide.

16.Thedevelopmentofthegasfieldsituatedabout450kmnorthofIrkutskisalong-termproject andgas is not expected to beproducedbefore2020.

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17.Abarrelofoil savedis essentiallyequivalenttoabarrelofoilproduced.

18.Newmethodsofproducingcorrosion-resistantmaterialsarebeingdevelopedintheresearch institute.

19.Thewelldrilledtothedepthof525 ftwasthefirstto produceoilinthisregion.

20.Inadditiontoproducinggasthisregionproducedgoldaswell.

21.Ifoilwereproducedwhereit is needed, itwouldn’tbesoexpensive.

22.Theamountofoilproduceddependedontherecoverymethodused.

23.Naturalreservoirpressurewashighenoughtoproduceoilwithoutusingsecondarymethods.

24.Inearly 1960sthenewspapersreported aboutthefirstoilhavingbeenproducedin Samotlor oilfields.

25.Theoilfieldhasalwaysbeenofeconomicsignificance,withoilbeingproducedatlowcost.

Ex. 4 Readthetextandcommentonthestatementsbelowit. Usethefollowingphrases:

Iguess, to mymind, franklyspeaking, I’m (not) sure, it’sworthmentioning, itgoeswithout saying, nodoubt,onthecontrary.

You may also use the introductory phrases from the previous units. (Unit 1 ex.ll, Unit 2ex. 13)

Why Engineering?

Engineersspendmuchoftheirtime solvingproblems. Ifyoulikesolvingproblems,engineering couldbe foryou! Generallyspeaking“real world” engineeringproblems arequitedifferentfromthe problemsyousolvedinschool.Thoseproblemsusuallyhadasinglecorrectanswer.Whenyougetinto theengineeringworld,therewillbeno singleanswer,noanswerinthebackofthebook,noteacherto tellyouthatyouarerightorwrong.Youwillberequiredtomakeyourownsolutionandtomakeother peoplethinkthatyoursolutionisthebestone. Studiesshowthatthenumber-onecauseofunhappiness amongpeople isjob dissatisfaction(неудовлетворенность).Thus,it is importanttofindacareerthat provides youwith enjoyment and satisfaction.After all, youmight spend about 40 years working 8hoursormoreaday, fivedaysaweek,fiftyweeksayear. Doyouwanttodislikeeveryminuteofthat timeorwouldyoudosomethingthatyouenjoy?

Thereisastrongrelationbetweenlimitededucationandlowincome. Statisticsshowthatmostjobs inthemodem industrial worldrequiretechnical training. Thebestpaygoeswithjobs thatdemand thinkinganddecisionsbasedonknowledge.Theseareafewreasonsofchoosingengineeringasyour career. Couldyouadd yourownreasons?

1.Engineersspendmuchoftheirtimesolvingproblems.

2.Engineeringproblemshavenosingleanswer.

3.Anengineercan’t alwaysfindananswerto anyengineeringprobleminbooks.

4.It’simportantwhetheryouaresatisfiedwithyourjob ornot.

5.Thereis astrongrelationbetweenlimitededucationandlowincome.

6.Thebestpaygoeswithjobsthatdemandthinkinganddecisions.

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		Words to the text “UNIVERSITY”
1.	comer n	угол
		inthecomeroftheroom
		Thelibraryis on(at)thecomerofthe street,
2.	exciting a	волнующий, захватывающий
		That’sveryexcitingnews.
		Pragueis oneofthemostexcitingcitiesin Europe.
3.	expand v	расширять(ся), увеличивать(ся) в объеме
		Metalsexpandwhenheated.
		Wehopeto expandourbusiness.
4.	employ v	cm . Unit 3
	employee n	служащий
		Thecompanyprovidesjobs for300employees,
	employer n	работодатель
		Thecarfactoryis alargeemployerinthistown.
	employment/!	1) использование, 2) служба, занятие, работа
		1) The employment ofnew techniques will increase the labour
		productivity.
		2) Sheis in(outof) employment,
5.	offer и	предложение
		Thankyouforyourkindofferofhelp,
	offer v	предлагать
		Thelibraryoffersgoodfacilitiesforresearchinmanyareas.
		I’vebeenoffered ajob.
6.	train v	обучать, готовить
		TheUniversitytrainsspecialistsforoilandgasindustry,
	training//	подготовка, обучение
7.	noted a	знаменитый
		anotedscientist
		The Russian Museumin St. Petersburgis noted forits collection
		ofRussianpaintings.
8.	staff n	штат
		SheisonthestaffofthenewUniversity
		Thelaboratorystaffwerehighlyqualifiedspecialists,
9.	recognize v	узнавать, признавать
		IrecognizedhimbutIcouldn’trememberhisname.
		Irecognizedthatsomeofmyideasareunrealistic.

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be recognized for	быть знаменитым чем-либо
	Mendeleyev is recognized all over the world for the discovery
	ofthePeriodicLawofelements.
10. respectively adv	соответственно, в указанном порядке
	SamotlorandUrengoifields,thegreatestoil fieldsinWestSiberia,
	werediscoveredin 1965 and 1966,respectively,
11. enhance v	увеличивать, усиливать, повышать
	Catalystsenhancetherateofreactions.
	Newmaterialsenhancethecapabilitiesoftheinstruments.
12. postgraduate	аспирантура
courses n
	Students entering postgraduate courses are offered exciting
	opportunities to connecttheorywithreal world subjects and are
	highlyvaluedbyemployersworldwide.
13. relate v	относить(ся), иметь отношение
	Thequestionisveryinterestingbutitdoesn’t relatetothesubject
	wearediscussing,
14. optionala	факультативный
ant. compulsory	Anoptional subjectisthatyoucanchooseornotchoose,
15. elective a	курс, обязательный по выбору
	During the course ofstudies students take compulsorysubjects,
	thentheychooseoptionaldisciplinesandarealsoofferedanumber
16. humanities n	ofelectivesubjects,
	гуманитарные науки
	The humanities which are concerned with ancient and modem
	languages, culture,literature,historyandphilosophyhelpdevelop
	theworldoutlook,
17. skill n	умение, мастерство
	The programme of the course is to develop necessary skills
	inmanagement
18. insight n	понимание
	Thebookgives agoodinsightintothelivesofthepoor,
19. brain/i	ум,мозг
	Shehas aquickbrainandlearns fast.

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Ex. 5 Gubkin StateUniversityofOil andGasis consideredtobetheleadingeducational establishmentfortrainingpetroleumengineersinRussia.

1.SaywhatyouknowabouttheUniversity.

2.ReadthetextandsaywhatnewinformationabouttheUniversityyouhavegot.

UNIVERSITY

«Your future is just round the comer and you mustbe prepared with the best educationyou canget.»

(OilandGasJournal)

The21-stcenturywillbeanexcitingtimeforscienceandengineering. Peoplewillneedresources for food,housing andtransportation. Howeverwemust find anduse thoseresources in awaythat protectstheenvironment.

Theearth,itsresources,theirproductionandusesarethemainconcernsofpetroleumengineering. Petroleumengineeringisawidesectorofnationaleconomyanditrequireshighlyqualifiedspecialists.

Thepetroleumindustryisexpanding,therefore,itneedsemployeeswithengineeringknowledgecapable ofincreasingproductivityandmanufacturingprocesses.Allthesecreatealotofjob opportunitiesfor petroleumengineers.

Thus,moreandmoreschool-leaverschoosepetroleumengineeringastheirfuturecareer. Gubkin StateUniversityofOil and Gasis Russia’sprincipal educationinstitution ofpetroleum

engineeringandamajorresearchcenterofferingtrainingforspecialistsforall aspectsofoil andgas industry.

Theinstitutionwasfoundedin 1930ontheinitiativeofacademicianI.M. Gubkin,anotedgeologist hi 1998itwasgivenastatusoftheUniversity.

TheUniversityhasastaffofexperiencedscientists,engineersandleadingtechnicalexperts.Gubkin’s professorshavebeennationallyandinternationallyrecognizedforacademicachievementsandresearch works.

TheUniversityofferstrainingatavarietyoflevels: bachelor,graduateengineer,master,candidateof science, anddoctorofscience.

Some students decide tojump into the working world after 4 or 5 years ofstudy and theyget bachelor’sdegreesandgraduateengineer’sdiplomas,respectively.Thosewhowanttobroadentheir education,to studynewtechnologiesandenhanceemploymentopportunities seekMaster’sdegree. Those, whowantto continuetheir educationat Gubkinpostgraduate coursesmusthavea graduate engineer’sdiplomaoraMaster’sdegree.

Trainingisprovidedatdiefacultiesof:

1.FacultyofPetroleumGeologyandGeophysics

2.FacultyofOilandGasFieldDevelopment

3.FacultyofPipelineNetworkDesign,ConstructionandOperation

4.FacultyofChemicalandEnvironmentalEngineering

5.FacultyofMechanicalEngineering

6.FacultyofAutomationandComputerScience

7.FacultyofEconomicsandManagement

8.FacultyofLaw

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Teachingis focusedontraditionaltechnical fieldsandacademicsubjectsrelatedtothepetroleum sector.

Scientists andengineersdon’t workin avacuum, andtheycan’t succeedunlesstheycanexpress theirideas.Technicaleducationiscombinedwithoptionalandelectivecoursesinthehumanitiesand socialsciencestostrengthenwritingandspeakingskillsandgiveaspecialistinsightsintotoday’scomplex world.

Studentscanalsogainvaluableindustryexperience(whileinthelasttwoyears). TheUniversitygraduatescangetaneducationthatwill“exercise’’theirbrain,developtheirabilityto

thinklogicallyandsolveproblems.Thesearetheskillsthatwillbevaluablethroughouttheirlife. Preparedwithtechnicalcompetence, creativeproblem-solvingabilitiesandpracticalexperience

Gubkin’sgraduates areingreatdemandinthepetroleumindustrybothinRussiaandabroad.

Ex. 6 Statethepart ofspeechofthefollowingwords:

Expanding, opportunity, fruitful, school-leavers, principal, academician, scientist, academic, achievement,respectively,broaden, valuable, competent, education, creative, decision, alteration, contaminate,flexibility,darkness,accessible,useless,protective,pollution,partnership,optimize,modify, dangerous,width,physical,electric.

Ex. 7 Findsynonymstothefollowingwordsandwordcombinationsinthetext:

1.	insuchamanner	9. correspondingly
2.	to demand	10. to widen
3.	production	11. to improve
4.	chance	12.branch
5.	tobe established	13. connected to
6.	skillful	14.to get experience
7.	toprovidetraining	15.to trainone’sbrain
8.	makeupone’smind

Ex. 8 Findantonymstothefollowingwordsandwordcombinationsinthetext:

1.	boring	7. to narrow
2.	to contract	8. unemployment
3.	to decrease	9. compulsorycourse
4.	to destroy	10. to weaken
5.	fruitless	ll.tofailinsmth
6.	unknown

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предприятия нефтегазовой отрасли квалифицированными специалистами по проек­ тированию и применению средств и систем автоматизации и вычислительной техники.

Выпускники ФЭУ получают знания и умения, которые помогут им управлять предприятиями нефтегазового комплекса и обеспечить ему высокую эффективность работы, конкурентоспособность и стабильное положение на рынке. Факультет права готовит специалистов в области правового обеспечения деятельности предприятий и организаций нефтегазового комплекса.

Необходимо отметить, что РГУ нефти и газа им. И М. Губкина является всемирно признанным учебным и научным центром по подготовке специалистов нефтегазового комплекса. В заключение можно сказать, что выпускники РГУ нефти и газа им. И.М. Губкина могут найти работу по профилю, т.к. предприятия нефтегазовой отрасли знают о профессиональной компетентности и творческих способностях губкинцев.

Ex. 11 Readthemainfacts fromthehistoryoftheRussianpetroleumindustry. Choosethose

connectedwithyourprofession.

1273AD	MarcoPolo, onhis wayto China, recordsthatoil is a subjectoftrade.
1692	ThefirstmentionofUkhtaoilfieldinliterature.
1750	М.V. LomonosovexaminesUkhtaoil in thelaboratoryoftheRussian Academyof
	Sciences.
1837	Mining engineer N.I. Voskoboynikov designs new stills (перегонный аппарат,
	дистиллятор) foroil distillationandkeroseneproductionfor lightninginBalakhan
	nearBaku.
1846	V.N.SemyonovinBibi-EibatareaoftheApsheronPeninsulardrillsthefirstexploration
	wellsto thedepthof21 metres.
1857	TwoindustrialistsV.A.KokorevandP.I.GuboninconstructthefirstrefineryinSurahan
	(Baku).
1864	Thefirstoilgusher(выброс,фонтан)strikesfromthewelldrilledbyA.N.Novosiltsev
	inKrasnodarregion.
1865	EngineerIvanitskyinventsapump (насос)foroilextractionfromawell.
1870	A. Sokhanskybeginstoproducelubricatingoils.
1873	AnAstrakhan merchant (купец)N.I.Artemyevisthe firstto ship oil intanks from
	BakutoAstrakhan.
1873	TheNobels establishtheNobel Brothers OilExtractingPartnership. Bakuoil field
	developmentgetsunderway.
1876	V.G. Shukhovinventsanozzle(насадка,форсунка)forburningliquidfuel.
1879	TheNobelBrothersPartnershipconstructsthefirstoilpipelineinRussiafromBalakhan
	to Baku.ThepipelineisdesignedbyV.G. Shukhov.
	AnumberofrefineriesarebuiltnearYaroslavlandNizhniyNovgorod.
	Mendeleyevpublishesapaperontheinorganictheoryofthepetroleumorigin.
1882	TheestablishmentofGeologicalCommitteeofRussia
1893	Commercialoilproductionstartsin Grosnyregion.
1905	Thelargestpipelineindieworldatthattime,fromBakutoBatumitotransportkerosene
	isputintooperation.Thelengthofitis 883km,thediametre—200mm,itisequipped
	with 16pumpingstations.

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