Angliyskiy_Petroleum_engineering

Unit 4

exploratory work, continue with drilling and production and end with hazardous emissions from refineries, storage tanks and pipeline leakages.

Operations that canhave effects on the environment at all stages ofpetroleum business are seismic surveys, drilling, production, road-developmentandwell-site access,pipelining, refiningandprocessing and general increases in human activities.

Let’s consider some examples.

Differentpollutants are emittedduringdrillingoperations, separation, upgrading,transportand storage ofcrude oil and gas, combustion offuels.

The toxic substances such as sulfur oxides (SOx), nitrogenoxides (NOx), carbon dioxide (C02), methane (CH4) and other byproduct gases are considered to be greenhouse gases. They contribute to acidrains, global warming. Global warming is expected to alteratmosphericand oceanictemperatures, water circulation and weather patterns. (The global mean temperatures at the Earth’s surface arelikely toriseby 2°Cby2025.) Ifthe Earth’s temperaturegothotterbyjust a few degrees, it coulddramatically change the weather all over the planet. Places that are warm would become too hot to live in, and places that are cold would become warm. Ices would melt and our planet would become an ocean. Andthe catastrophic warming might occur. Oceangoing ships, tankers and offshore drilling accidents cancause oil spills that pollute thewater, damagebeaches and destroywildlife. Oil reduces the level of oxygendissolved in the water, without which the sea cannot supportanylife at all.

Drillingfluids, pipelineleaks contaminate soil.Allthefactsmentionedabovearesymptomsofcareless, inefficientpoorindustrial management. Manylaws shouldbepassedinoil producingcountriesto control pollution and protect environment. It is important that in all operations and products an eco cycle approach should be adopted.

Concern for the environment is a global problem. To reduce environmental impact is a continuous process. Thepetroleumindustryhasto investmuch inthedevelopmentofnewtechnologiesandproducts sothat pollution should be minimized. Provided the safe and efficient technologies are introduced, the world is out ofdanger.

Ex. 11 Find synonymsto the followingwords inthe text.

ancienttimes	ruin	pollute	average
harm	stratum	change	care
achieve	influence	scheme

Ex. 12 Find Englishequivalents inthe text.

1.управлять природой

2.вред, нанесенный окружающей среде

3.шаг за шагом (постепенно)

4.столкнуться с проблемами

5.здоровье человека

6.главное, что вызывает тревогу в состоянии окружающей среды

7.воздействие на окружающую среду

8.подъезд к скважине

9.хозяйственная деятельность человека

10.характер погоды

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16.But forthenew approaches to the environmental problems the consequences ofhuman activity would havebeen much worse.

17.Ifpreventive measures to limit green house emissions are adoptedby the governments ofall countries, this will contributeto the improvement ofthe ecological situationin the world.

Ex. 15 Makeup the sentences combiningA and B.

A

1 . But for the atmosphere

2.Ifwellloggingisrun

3.Ifcommercial productionofoilhadn’t begun in the 19-th century

4.Ifthe field production had been increased

5.Ifpipelines leak

6.Provided the pressurein the formation were normal

7.Ifsulphurwere not removed from petroleum feedstock

8.In case there were no green house effect

9.Ifdemand forpetroleum hadn’t grown in the 60s

10.Ifoil were not treated

11.Provided gas were not so environmentally friendly

12.Ifthe world’spopulation didn’t grow

13.Ifgas underground storages are located far fromlarge cities

В

1.commercial oilproduction wouldn’t spread rapidlythroughoutthe world.

2.environmental problems canoccur.

3.itwould be oflittle economic value.

4., theproblem ofthe seasonal regulationofgas consumption and supplywill notbe solved.

5.; the truepicture ofthe subsurfacewillbe obtained.

6.energydemandwouldn’t increase.

7.lifewould not exist onthe Earth.

8.its share in the world’s economywouldn’t

t*01CO ia lS C .

9. there would be no global warming.

1 0 . oil would flow freelyto the surface.

11.thelifeofthemankindwouldn’thavechanges so greatly.

12.theequipmentatarefinerywouldbeattacked by severe corrosion.

13.thethroughputcapacityofthepipelinewould have beenraised as well.

Ex. 16 Open thebrackets translating the Russianwords into English.

1) Land contamination has many causes and occurs (во всем мире). It’s common knowledge that drilling fluids and pipeline (утечки) contaminate soil. These (аварии) result from poor industrial (управление)

Oceangoing ships are a major source ofoil (разлив на поверхности). Many countries passed (законы) requiring ship owners to take preventive measures.

Refmers (сталкиваются) the problem ofair (загрязнение). (Двуокисьуглерода), methane and other(побочные) gases from petroleum refining accumulate inthe atmosphere. These products result in(парниковый) effect.

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environmentalpollution

6.Combustion ofhydrocarbons

is responsible formore than 80% ofgreenhouse gas emission

7.Seismic surveys can cause certain environmental damage

8.Certainpetroleum industry operations are the sources ofenvironmental damage

however	one can say that petroleum
	industrycontributes to global
	warming
Although	practicallyno upstream operation
therefore	can do without seismic
	many laws have been passed
	to controlpollution

Ex. 19 Speak on the environmental problems caused by upstream, midstream and downstream activities and the ways to minimize their hazardous effects. Use the active vocabulary to the text «Ecology».

Ex. 20 Writethe summaryofthe text “Ecology”.

Ex. 21 Name 8-10 operations in oil and gas industrywhich can cause environmental pollution.

Ex. 22 Translate in writing. Use a dictionary.

The demand pressures that areraising prices ofoil and natural has lead to more exploration for and productionofconventional oil and gas as well asunconventional oil - such as oil sands and shale oil.

If demand continues to grow at recent rates, there will have to be many ways to future energy supply.

Who knows what the energyindustrywill look like 50 or 100 years from today? Many struggle to guess, but no one can be sure.

What seems certain at this point is that demand will grow beyond the capacity ofoil and gas. The futureis therefore bright fornonhydrocarbon energy sources.

Here are a few projects notjust proposed but under way to prove technologies for oil and gas substitutes:

•Five fuel-cell cars, powered by hydrogen instead ofgasoline, were delivered to Canada to be used in the first-of-its-kind Vancouver Fuel Cell Vehicle Program.

•Also, a biodiesel production facilityopened in Denton, Tex., thatwillhelp supplythecity’s fleet andproduce asmuch as 3 million gal/yearofclean-burningbiodiesel made fromvegetableoils. The production facilityis powered by another alternate fuel: landfill gas.

•Several Corporations hasjoined forces to produce biogas from nonrecyclable waste for the production offine papers.

(Oil & Gas Journal)

Ex. 23

a)Imagineyouarehunting for ajob. Lookthrough the given advertisements (advs) and chosethe one which suits you. Give the arguments to your choice.

b)Translate the adv youhave chosen in writing. Use a dictionary.

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