Angliyskiy_Petroleum_engineering

	Unit 2
22. favourable a	благоприятный, подходящий
	She got a favourable report on her work,
23. well я	скважина
wildcat n	разведочная поисковая скважина
exploratory well	разведочная поисковая скважина
discovery well	скважина, открывшая новое месторождение
dry hole	непродуктивная скважина
appraisal well	оценочная скважина
development well	эксплуатационная скважина
24. subsequent a	последующий
	subsequent events
25. logging я	каротаж (ГИС)
	The logging data are reliable,
26. once conj	зд. когда
	Once he arrives we can start.
27. site я	площадка, местоположение
	The company is looking for a site forits new office,
site v	располагать, размещать
	The new sports center is to be sited in our district,
28. rigя	буровая установка - see Fig. 2
29. derrick я	буровая вышка
	There exist two types ofderricks: movable and stationary,
30. technique я	метод, методика, технология
	Nowadays there arenew techniques for teaching languages,
31. sophisticated a	сложный
	Geophysical surveys arebased on very sophisticated
	mathematical techniques,
32. recovery я	добыча
syn. extraction
production
	The current oil recovery reaches 34,000 b/d. _
recover v	1) добывать, 2) восстанавливать
	1) to recover oil from a well
	2) Thanks to the new method ofprocessing the metal recovered
	its original properties.
33. flown	течение, поток
	The equipment should control the water flow.

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allowed the formation ofoil. Second, migration ofthe oil fromthe sourcerock to a «reservoirrock» that is thick, permeable and porous enough to hold a sizable accumulation ofoil. Third, entrapment. Waters and pressure ofoverlying layers pushed oil upward until it reached an impermeable layer of rock called a cap rock. A cap rock stops furthermigration ofoil and oil is thus trapped in a reservoir. It is fromthese reservoirs that peoplebegan extracting oil and gas millions ofyears later.

It shouldbe notedthat successful explorationisbasedon an accurateinterpretationoftheinformation to beprovided by geological andgeophysical surveys. Seismic prospectingminimizes explorationrisk andreduces finding costs. Using complicated tools geologists identifypotential traps for oil and gas.

Drilling canprove the presenceofoil afterthe geologists and geophysicists have found a favourable locationforthe accumulationofoil.All wells drilledtodiscoveroil and gas accumulations are“exploratory wells”, commonly referred to as “wildcats”.A successful wildcat is a “discovery well”, while an unsuccessful one is a “dryhole”.

After oil has been discovered the first wells to be drilled to establish the limits of the field are “appraisal wells”.All subsequent wells are “development wells”.To determine the reservoir and oil properties geophysical investigations (logging) are tobe conducted inthewells. Ifthe first wells “prove” anoilfield, thedata from them areused in drawingup plans forthe commercial developmentofthe field.

Part II

Once oil is found it must be extracted. After the drilling site has been prepared the rig is to be constructed. Therig isknownto consist ofsurface equipment and a derrick whichhouses drilling tools. The derrick is used to lift sections ofpipe which are lowered into the hole made by the drill. To get oil and gas out ofthe ground is not easy.

Sophisticated techniques and equipment mustbe used to extract the most out ofevery oil and gas deposit. Experts consider oil recovery to depend in much on natural pressure. Under natural pressure oil flows freelyand it is called the natural flow. It isthe most economic period ofa well life. Ifoil wells have too little energy to produce oil efficiently, additional energymust be supplied by pumps or other artificialmeans.

Crudeoilmustbe transported from the fields whereit is producedto theplaces whereit is consumed. Pipelines are likely to be the main means of oil transportation. But tankers, barges, tank trucks, and railroad tank cars are thought to be ofno less importance. The latest discoveries ofwelding methods, constructionpractices and newmaterials haveextended pipeline transportation intoharsh environments and deep waters. All the means of transportation carry oil from wells to storage tanks or directly to refineries. Pipelines also carry petroleum products from refineries to markets. Some ofthe largest pipelines are to cany more than amillion barrels ofoil daily.

Thebasicjob ofa refineryis to convert petroleum into useful products.As mentioned above, crude oil consists chieflyofhydrocarbons. Refineries areto separate oil into various hydrocarbon groups, or fractions, distillation being the first step ofrefining. The fractions are then chemically changed and treated with other substances. The refining processes may be classified as separation, conversion and chemical treatment. The latestimprovements in refiningmaybe saidto have savedbillions ofbarrels of crude.

Distribution and marketing appear to be the final links in the petroleum industry chain that begins hundreds ofmeters below the ground and ends in your home.

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Unit 2

Ex.16 Translate the pairs ofwords. Mind the negative prefixes de-, dis-; un-; non-, ir-, in-, im-, il-.

composition— decomposition	regular— irregular
to form— to deform	rational— irrational
to color— to decolorize	responsible— irresponsible
to prove— to disprove	organic— inorganic
to appear— to disappear	accurate— inaccurate
ability— disability	human— inhuman
successful— unsuccessful	possible— impossible
favourable— unfavourable	permeable— impermeable
broken— unbroken	moral— immoral
homogeneous— non-homogeneous	logical— illogical
porous— non-porous	legal— illegal
corrosive— non-corrosive

Ex. 17 Find synonyms to the following words and word combinations in the text.

1. prospecting п	8. geophysical investigationin the well
2. oil explorer	9. instrument
3. keep	10. exploratorywell
4. come from	11. place n
5. bed	12. produce
6. oil accumulation	13. man-made
7. investigation	14. enlarge

Ex.18 a) Find English equivalents in the text.

1.специалисты нефтегазового профиля

2.еще млн. лет назад

3.в свою очередь

4.воскообразные вещества

5.разведчики недр

6.значительные скопления

7.вышележащие пласты

8.снижать стоимость поисково-разведочных работ

9.разведочная скважина, пробуренная без предварительной съемки Ю.составлять план промышленной разработки месторождения 11.буровая площадка 12.сложные методы 13.во многом зависеть от

14.естественное давление 15.фонтанирование

16.срок эксплуатации скважины 17.возможности транспортировки по трубопроводу

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Ex. 21 Make up the sentences combiningthe group ofwords from the left and right columns.

1. Theobjectiveofawelllogging			1. prove the presence ofoil.
2. The aim ofprospecting			2. carryoil from wells to
			storage tanks or refineries.
3. The purposeofdrilling			3. determine the reservoirand oil
4. The functionofpumps		IS TO	properties.
			4. convertpetroleum into useful
			products.
5. Thefunctionofpipelines			5. findhydrocarbon accumulations.
6.	The basicjob ofa refinery		6. provide additional energyfor oil
			recovery.
1. The knowledge ofoilorigin			1. no less importance than pipelines.
2. Petroleum sedimentarybasins			2. economicvaluein reducing
			findingcosts.
3. Tankers, barges, tank trucks		IS (ARE) OF	3. great importance forpetroleum
			geologists.
4.	Seismicprospecting		4. great use at the refineries.
5.	Sophisticatedtechniques		5. prime interest forthe oilhunters.
	andequipment

Ex. 22 Saythe following in one word. The words below will help you.

1.the lateral or vertical movement ofwater, oil orgas throughthe pores withinthereservoirrock.

2.a distinct, generallyparallel bed ofrock.

3.a reservoir rock capped by an impermeable formation, where oil is usually found.

4.the capacity ofrocks to pass fluids.

5.the framed tower over the bore-hole ofan oil well.

6.any well that doesn’t produce oil or gas in commercial quantity.

7.the derrick and surface equipment ofa drillingunit.

8.the exploration and production sector ofpetroleum industry.

9.an area where oil is found.

10.awell drilled in a structure or location without sufficientgeological data.

11.to process a material for making it usable.

12.the standard unit ofmeasurement ofliquids in thepetroleum industry.

13.aplantformanufacturing finished or semi-finished products from crude petroleum.

14.therefining and marketing sector ofthe petroleum industry.

(Barrel, downstream, dry hole, derrick, trap, layer, migration, oil field, permeability, refinery, rig, treat, upstream, wildcat.)

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Ex. 23 Translate the sentences.

a)

1.To recognize the presence of oil in the formation it is necessary to use various exploration techniques such as mapping and differenttypes ofsurveying.

2.Tolook for and find petroleum the knowledge ofsuch sciences as geology, physics, chemistry, mathematics and some others should be applied.

3.Tomake geophysical surveying geophysicists use complicatedtools not onlyon land, but in the air as well.

4.Now oil is found not only on land, but in the sea. Toproduce oil from offshore (морские) fields special platforms ofdifferent types are to be constructed.

5.Torecovermoreoil from existing formations andtraps oil companies areturningto sophisticated secondary and tertiary (третичный) techniques.

6.We need oil to power our factories, to run our cars, ships, aircrafts and railways, to heat and light ourhomes and offices - its uses are innumerable.

7.To satisfypipeline economy steel for pipelines should possess strength properties and the pipe shouldhave optimal geometry.

8.Totransport oil from oil fields to consumers one can use pipelines, tankers, barges, tank trucks and railroad tank cars.

9.To satisfythe growth in energyconsumption renewable sources ofenergyshould be developed.

b)

1.Чтобы доказать присутствие нефти, необходимо провести разведочное бурение.

2.Чтобы пробурить скважину, нужно установить вышку с необходимым буровым оборудованием.

3.Чтобы экспортировать нефть и газ, нужна широкая сеть трубопроводов.

4.Чтобы получить различные виды топлива, нефть отправляют на перерабатывающие заводы.

5.Чтобы найти оптимальное решение при сооружении современных трубопроводов, необходимо сотрудничество проектировщиков, нефтедобывающих фирм (operators), подрядчиков по прокладке трубопроводов (laying contractors), а также производителей труб.

6.Чтобы значительно уменьшить стоимость трубопроводов, следует использовать

современные материалы.

7.Чтобы сооружать морские (offshore) трубопроводы, требуются очень сложные меха­ низмы и оборудование.

8.Можно сказать, что нефтехимическая промышленность возникла, во время второй мировой войны, чтобы производить синтетическую резину (rubber) для шин (tires).

c)Answer the questions. Use the Infinitive.

1.What conditions mustbe fulfilled to form oil and gas pools?

2.What must be done to prove the presence of oil?

3.What must be constructed over the well to extract hydrocarbons from the underground?

4.What means oftransportation can be used to carry oil from the place ofproduction?

5.Where is oil sent to be separated into various fractions?

48!	Petroleum Engineering

Unit 2

Ex. 24Translate the sentences. Mind the Infinitives..

1.At the verybeginning this method was too expensive to be used as a production tool.

2.To remove sulphur from petroleum feedstock is ofgreat importance in refining.

3.A model to predict the change ofoctane numbers expected in naphthahydrotreatingprocess is presented.

4.Pipelines arereported to havebeen protected fromthe corrosion attackby a systemofprotective coatings and cathodic protection.

5.To avoid external corrosion the pipeline was coated with asphalt-containing material.

6.To avoid external corrosion is to prolong the life ofa pipe1ine.

7.Eight areas oftheregion areconsideredby thegeologists to have thebestpotential foradditional discoveryof oil, gas, and helium.

8.The experts reported the reservoir rocks to have been identified in the Paleozoic formations.

9.Thepurpose ofthecompanyis to financeand construct arefinery. The governmenthas supported this refineryproject to reduce the country’s dependence on foreign petroleum products. The refineryto be built will provide its own power, generating 3.5 Mw.

10.People engaged in petroleum industrybelieve energyto continue to fuel Russia’s as well as the world’s economic growth.

11.The rig was to be moved a mile from the discoverywell to the appraisal well.

12.The 86 mile pipeline to transport as much as 330 MMcfd ofgas will originate in 5,300 ft of water at Red Hawk field.

13.Russia’s crude oil output is expected to reach as much as 335-400 million tonnes (6.7 - 6.8 million b/d).

14.One can use numerical models to calculate permeability, porosity, and other quantities.

15.A corrosion-control program doesn’t seem to be abig problem for natural gas pipelines.

16.The pipeline inspectionprogram is a verygood program to find time-dependent defects, such as corrosion. But this program doesn’t appear to improve pipeline quality to any significant degree.

17.Geologists suppose the similar systems to form good source rock reservoirs in the deepwater frontier.

18.Shallow marine sands are likely to be the most productive reservoir rocks, these rocks having excellent porosity and permeability.

19.To estimate the petroleum potential ofseveral deepwater sedimentarybasins one should apply geophysical data processing.

20.Drillers and derrickmen consider a new generation ofrigs to include programmable systems to achieve more efficient, safe and precise equipment control.

Ex. 25Translate the sentences in writing. Use the words from the text “Oil Business”.

1.Большинство геологов полагают, что нефть происходит из органических остатков морских животных и растений.

2.Температура и давление должны быть достаточно высокими, чтобы превратить остатки морских животных в органическое вещество.

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3.Установлено, что химический состав нефти представляет собой сложную смесь углеводородов.

4.Чтобы найти потенциальные залежи углеводородов, геологи используют комплекс геологических и геофизических методов.

5.Известно, что в пористых породах нефть проходит большие расстояния от материнских пород до пород-коллекторов.

6.Подсчитано, что почти 60% крупныхнефтяных месторождений находятся в осадочных бассейнах.

7.Для правильного определения места бурения скважин необходимо провести геологическую и геофизическую съёмку местности.

8.Пробурить скважину — значит получить наиболее полную информацию о наличии углеводородов.

9.Каротажные работы проводятся в скважине для того, чтобы определить физические свойства пород и нефти.

10.Оборудование, которое применяется при бурении скважин, состоит из наземного оборудованиям вышки, в которой находится колонна бурильных труб (a drilling string).

11.Нефтяники считают, что добыча нефти зависит от пластового давления.

12.Если пластовое давление недостаточно для подъёма нефти на поверхность, то применяются различные реагенты.

13.Чтобы доставить нефть с места добычи к месту потребления, используются различные виды транспортировки.

14.Средства транспортировки, которые могут доставлять УВ в нефтехранилища или непосредственно на НПЗ, как известно, включают в себя трубопроводы, танкеры, баржи.

15.Для контроля за правильной эксплуатацией трубопровода используются различные автоматизированные системы.

16.Чтобы сырая нефть стала полезным продуктом, она подвергается переработке на НПЗ.

17.Переработка нефти подразумевает разделение УВ на фракции, изменение одного вещества в другое и химическую обработку.

18.Считают, что первичные, отрасли нефтяного бизнеса включают в себя разведочно­ поисковые работы, буровые операции и добычу.

19.По-видимому, вторичные отрасли нефтяного бизнеса охватывают транспортировку УВ, хранение УВ и переработку газа.

20.Можно сказать, что отраслями, завершающими комплекс нефтегазового дела, являются переработка нефти и маркетинг.

Ex. 26Agree or disagree with the following statements. Give your reasoning. Use the introductory phrases from ex. 11 Unit 1.

1.Most geologists consider oil to be ofinorganic origin.

2.Petroleum consists principallyoftwo elements: hydrogen and carbon.

3.A source rock is the place where oil is generated.

4.Drilling cannot prove the presence ofoil in the formation.

50	Petroleum Engineering