- •Active Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary Focus
- •I. Match the synonyms:
- •III. Choose the correct item to fill in the gaps:
- •IV. Give English equivalents for the following word combinations using active vocabulary:
- •V. Complete each sentence using a word or a phrase from the text (the first letter of the word is given):
- •VI. Read the text and choose the word or word combination from the box to fill in the gaps. Mind one extra word/word combination you do not need to use:
- •VII. Answer the following questions:
- •Verbs followed by an infinitive
- •VIII. Use the verbs from the table to do the following:
- •Imagine that you are the ceo of a large international corporation. Write five sentences for your letter to shareholders concerning the strategy of the company.
- •IX. Rewrite the following sentences using the verbs in brackets and the appropriate form of the infinitive:
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary Focus
- •II. Match the terms to their definitions:
- •III. Make the following sentences complete by translating the words and phrases in brackets:
- •IV. Match the words to form collocations as they appear in the text . Make your own sentences using these collocations:
- •V. Which word is odd? You may need to consult a dictionary to distinguish the differences in meaning:
- •VI. Fill in the gaps with prepositions:
- •VII. Answer the following questions:
- •Passive voice
- •VIII. Use an appropriate passive verb form to complete each sentence:
- •IX. Use an appropriate passive verb form to rewrite the following sentences. Put a cross, where passive is not possible:
- •X. Render the following text into English:
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary Focus
- •I. Change the words in brackets so that they make sense in the sentences. The first one has already been done for you:
- •VI. Study the spidergrams, match the world combinations to their Russian equivalents and use them in your own sentences:
- •VII. Answer the following questions:
- •VIII. Render the following text into English:
- •Follow-up exercises
- •Traditionally, a child’s mother is the woman who gave birth to that child. How might advances in science cause judges to review rules they might have established about “motherhood”?
- •Give four advances in science or medicine that might cause judges to re-examine rules they have made about issues such as theft, copyright, or murder. Just for fun
- •It’s funny
III. Make the following sentences complete by translating the words and phrases in brackets:
1. The term (правовая система) may be used to refer to an operational set of legal rules, procedures and institutions.
2. The intention to create (правоотношения) is one of the essential elements of a contract.
3. In a (уголовное дело), the police will have their own barrister, who is known as the Crown Prosecutor.
4. After you have signed the contract you are legally (обязаны) to buy the property - you cannot pull out of the agreement.
5. One party in the case claims that the other should do some act or (уплатить денежное возмещение).
6. The term (общее право) may refer to the English legal system developed in, applicable to and common to England.
7. In the (континентально-европейское право) system “rule of law” means obedience to the existing law.
8. The doctrine of precedent governs this (прецедентное право) system.
9. The courts of (право справедливости) were otherwise known as Courts of Chancery and which began to be developed from around the 14th century.
IV. Match the words to form collocations as they appear in the text . Make your own sentences using these collocations:
1. political a) values
2. social b) case
3. legal c) structure
4. court d) relation
5. criminal e) principle
6. legal f) law
7. case g) ruling
V. Which word is odd? You may need to consult a dictionary to distinguish the differences in meaning:
1. system structure principle framework
2. upheaval uplift revolution coup
3. cohesion duration connection continuity
4. juridical juristic legitimate legal
5. bind tie fasten obligate
6. fairness equality impartiality equity
7. controversy dispute debate quarrel
8. engagement contract treaty agreement
VI. Fill in the gaps with prepositions:
1. Legal systems possessing common characteristics associated……….each of the main legal families may be classified as belonging to its corresponding legal family.
2. Common law countries are broadly those whose juristic style is based ………. the English common law model.
3. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was proclaimed and adopted……….the General Assembly of the United Nations in 1948.
4. Standards of normal and abnormal behaviour differ ………. society to society and change as social conditions and customs change.
5. County Courts in England and Wales deal mainly ………. claims regarding money, but also family matters, bankruptcies and claims concerning land.
6. When a dispute ………. two parties is settled before it gets to court, it is known as an out of court settlement.
7. Civil law refers to the entire system of law that currently applies ………. most Western European countries, Latin America, countries of the Near East, large parts of Africa, Indonesia and Japan.
VII. Answer the following questions:
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How is a particular legal system formed?
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When does a government revise the legal system?
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Why does Britain differ from other European countries?
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Where is common law adopted?
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Why has continental law developed in most Asian and African countries?
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What features are specific to common law?
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How can judges influence laws in case law systems?
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Who changed the English legal system and introduced the “common law”?
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What role does the doctrine of precedent play in modern common law systems?
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Why do governments make statues?
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When did a new system of law developed alongside the common law?
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Who people applied to when they were dissatisfied with the court decision?
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What was the idea of “the court of equity”?
Grammar Focus