- •Active Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary Focus
- •I. Match the synonyms:
- •III. Choose the correct item to fill in the gaps:
- •IV. Give English equivalents for the following word combinations using active vocabulary:
- •V. Complete each sentence using a word or a phrase from the text (the first letter of the word is given):
- •VI. Read the text and choose the word or word combination from the box to fill in the gaps. Mind one extra word/word combination you do not need to use:
- •VII. Answer the following questions:
- •Verbs followed by an infinitive
- •VIII. Use the verbs from the table to do the following:
- •Imagine that you are the ceo of a large international corporation. Write five sentences for your letter to shareholders concerning the strategy of the company.
- •IX. Rewrite the following sentences using the verbs in brackets and the appropriate form of the infinitive:
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary Focus
- •II. Match the terms to their definitions:
- •III. Make the following sentences complete by translating the words and phrases in brackets:
- •IV. Match the words to form collocations as they appear in the text . Make your own sentences using these collocations:
- •V. Which word is odd? You may need to consult a dictionary to distinguish the differences in meaning:
- •VI. Fill in the gaps with prepositions:
- •VII. Answer the following questions:
- •Passive voice
- •VIII. Use an appropriate passive verb form to complete each sentence:
- •IX. Use an appropriate passive verb form to rewrite the following sentences. Put a cross, where passive is not possible:
- •X. Render the following text into English:
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary Focus
- •I. Change the words in brackets so that they make sense in the sentences. The first one has already been done for you:
- •VI. Study the spidergrams, match the world combinations to their Russian equivalents and use them in your own sentences:
- •VII. Answer the following questions:
- •VIII. Render the following text into English:
- •Follow-up exercises
- •Traditionally, a child’s mother is the woman who gave birth to that child. How might advances in science cause judges to review rules they might have established about “motherhood”?
- •Give four advances in science or medicine that might cause judges to re-examine rules they have made about issues such as theft, copyright, or murder. Just for fun
- •It’s funny
Follow-up exercises
Review Questions
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What distinguishes descriptive laws from prescriptive ones? Can you give examples of both types?
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How are relations between people regulated in societies?
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Why do governments make and enforce laws?
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How does legal reasoning work? What elements does in include?
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What are the two main traditions of law in the world? Where have they developed?
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What features are specific to common law?
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Why did Napoleon’s Code appear? Where was it adopted?
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What are the differences between common law and continental law?
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How is civil law separated from public law?
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What are the main categories of English civil law? Comment on them.
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What is the basis for the public law–private law distinction?
Writing
You are taking part in an international legal history conference for both law and history students. You have been asked to submit a two-page summary of the legal system of your country for the conference proceedings. Although it will certainly be difficult to summarize your system in two pages, that is all the space that is available. You will obviously have to limit your description to the most important elements.
Activity
Read the following opinion from the U.S. Supreme Court. Mr. Justice Black:
It should be noted at the outset that tort law has been fashioned largely by judges, too largely according to the ideas of many. But if judges make rules of law, it should seem that they should keep their minds open in order to exercise a continuing and helpful supervision over the manner in which their laws serve the public. Experience might prove that a rule createdby judges should never have been created at all, or their rule, though originally sound, had become wholly unsuited to new physical and social conditions developed by a dynamic society. A revaluation of social and economic interests affected by the old rule might reveal the unwisdom of its expansion or imperatively require its revision and abandonment.
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Traditionally, a child’s mother is the woman who gave birth to that child. How might advances in science cause judges to review rules they might have established about “motherhood”?
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Give four advances in science or medicine that might cause judges to re-examine rules they have made about issues such as theft, copyright, or murder. Just for fun
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IT’S INTERESTING “Good people do not need laws to tell them to act responsibly, while bad people will find a way around the laws.”
“The more laws, the less justice” Cicero (Ancient Roman Lawyer, Orator and Statesman)
“The more corrupt the state, the more laws.” Publius Cornelius Tacitus
“If we desire respect for the law, we must first make the law respectable.” Louis D. Brandeis (American Supreme Court Justice, 1856-1941)
“The execution of the laws is more important than the making them” Thomas Jefferson (The 3d US President)
“There is no end to the laws, and no beginning to the execution of them” Mark Twain (American Humorist, Writer and Lecturer)
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