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Readings in Modern Information Technology.doc
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Problem-solving

5. Work in two groups, A and B. Group A, list all the advantages of a network. Group B, list all the disadvantages. Then together consider how the disadvantages can be minimised.

Group A Advantages of a network

Group B Disadvantages of a network

Speaking

6. Transmission modes Read and compare how one mode of transmission between computers operates.

Asynchronous transmission

This method, used with most microcomputers, is also called start-stop transmission. In asynchronous transmission, data is sent one byte (or character) at a time. Each string of bits making up the byte is bracketed, or marked off, with special control bits. That is, a 'start' bit represents the beginning of a character, and a 'stop' bit represents its end. As a means of checking that the whole character has been transmitted, an error check bit is generated immediately after each character.

Transmitting only one byte at a time makes this a relatively slow method. As a result, asynchronous transmission is not used when great amounts of data must be sent rapidly. Its advantage is that the data can be transmitted whenever it is convenient for the sender.

Synchronous transmission

Synchronous transmission sends data in blocks of characters. Start and stop bit patterns, called synch bytes, are transmitted at the beginning and end of the blocks. These start and end bit patterns synchronise internal clocks in the sending and receiving devices so that they are in time with each other. Error check bytes are included immediately after each block of characters to ensure that the whole sequence of characters has been correctly transmitted.

This method is rarely used with microcomputers because it is more complicated and expensive than asynchronous transmission. It also requires careful timing between sending and receiving equipment. It is appropriate for computer systems that need to transmit great quantities of data quickly.

Specialist reading

A. Find the answers to these questions in the following text.

  1. Into what units is data subdivided by the following layers?

a transport layer

b network layer

  1. What is the purpose of a transmission checksum test?

  2. How long does the data-link layer keep a copy of each packet?

  3. What processes can be carried out at intermediate nodes?

  4. Which network communications layer is described by each of the following statements?

a Makes sure that the message is transmitted in a language that the receiving computer can understand

b Protects the data being sent

с Encodes and sends the packets

d Supervises the transmission

e The part of a communications process that a user sees

f Starts communications and looks after communications among network nodes

g Chooses a route for the message

h Makes backup copies of the data if required

i Confirms the checksum, then addresses and duplicates the packets.

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